Vue.js现代开发实践指南

Vue.js是一个渐进式JavaScript框架，以其简洁的API、优秀的性能和丰富的生态系统成为现代前端开发的热门选择。Vue 3引入的组合式API、更好的TypeScript支持和性能优化，使其成为构建现代Web应用的理想选择。

核心价值

Vue.js = 渐进式 + 响应式 + 组件化 + 生态丰富

• 🎯 渐进式框架：可以逐步采用，从简单页面到复杂应用
• ⚡ 响应式系统：基于Proxy的高性能响应式数据绑定
• 🧩 组件化开发：单文件组件，开发体验优秀
• 🔧 组合式API：更好的逻辑复用和TypeScript支持
• 📦 丰富生态：Vue Router、Pinia、Nuxt.js等完整解决方案
• 🎨 开发体验：优秀的开发工具和调试支持

1. Vue 3核心特性与架构

1.1 Vue 3架构演进

Vue 3相比Vue 2在架构上有了重大改进，引入了组合式API、更好的性能和TypeScript支持。

Vue 2 vs Vue 3 对比

特性对比	Vue 2	Vue 3	改进说明
响应式系统	Object.defineProperty	Proxy	更好的性能，支持数组和对象
API风格	选项式API	组合式API + 选项式API	更好的逻辑复用和TypeScript支持
性能	基准性能	2x更快	编译优化、Tree-shaking
包大小	~34KB	~16KB	更好的Tree-shaking
TypeScript	部分支持	完全支持	原生TypeScript支持
多根节点	不支持	支持	Fragment支持

1.2 组合式API深度解析

组合式API是Vue 3的核心特性，提供了更灵活的逻辑组织方式和更好的TypeScript支持。

组合式API基础

基础组合式API使用

组合式API基础示例

vue

1<template>
2  <div class="user-profile">
3    <!-- 用户信息展示 -->
4    <div class="user-info" v-if="!loading">
5      <img :src="user?.avatar" :alt="user?.name" class="avatar" />
6      <div class="details">
7        <h2>{{ user?.name }}</h2>
8        <p>{{ user?.email }}</p>
9        <span class="role">{{ user?.role }}</span>
10      </div>
11    </div>
12    
13    <!-- 加载状态 -->
14    <div v-else class="loading">
15      <div class="spinner"></div>
16      <p>加载中...</p>
17    </div>
18    
19    <!-- 错误状态 -->
20    <div v-if="error" class="error">
21      <p>{{ error }}</p>
22      <button @click="retry">重试</button>
23    </div>
24    
25    <!-- 用户操作 -->
26    <div class="actions" v-if="user">
27      <button @click="toggleEdit" class="btn-primary">
28        {{ isEditing ? '取消编辑' : '编辑资料' }}
29      </button>
30      <button @click="logout" class="btn-secondary">登出</button>
31    </div>
32    
33    <!-- 编辑表单 -->
34    <div v-if="isEditing" class="edit-form">
35      <form @submit.prevent="saveUser">
36        <div class="form-group">
37          <label for="name">姓名：</label>
38          <input
39            id="name"
40            v-model="editForm.name"
41            type="text"
42            required
43            class="form-input"
44          />
45        </div>
46        
47        <div class="form-group">
48          <label for="email">邮箱：</label>
49          <input
50            id="email"
51            v-model="editForm.email"
52            type="email"
53            required
54            class="form-input"
55          />
56        </div>
57        
58        <div class="form-actions">
59          <button type="submit" :disabled="saving" class="btn-primary">
60            {{ saving ? '保存中...' : '保存' }}
61          </button>
62          <button type="button" @click="cancelEdit" class="btn-secondary">
63            取消
64          </button>
65        </div>
66      </form>
67    </div>
68  </div>
69</template>
70
71<script setup lang="ts">
72import { ref, reactive, computed, onMounted, watch, nextTick } from 'vue'
73import { useRouter } from 'vue-router'
74import { useUserStore } from '@/stores/user'
75
76// 类型定义
77interface User {
78  id: number
79  name: string
80  email: string
81  avatar: string
82  role: 'admin' | 'user' | 'guest'
83}
84
85interface EditForm {
86  name: string
87  email: string
88}
89
90// 响应式数据
91const user = ref<User | null>(null)
92const loading = ref(true)
93const error = ref<string | null>(null)
94const isEditing = ref(false)
95const saving = ref(false)
96
97// 响应式对象
98const editForm = reactive<EditForm>({
99  name: '',
100  email: ''
101})
102
103// 组合式函数
104const router = useRouter()
105const userStore = useUserStore()
106
107// 计算属性
108const isAdmin = computed(() => user.value?.role === 'admin')
109const canEdit = computed(() => user.value && (isAdmin.value || user.value.id === userStore.currentUserId))
110
111// 生命周期钩子
112onMounted(async () => {
113  await fetchUser()
114})
115
116// 侦听器
117watch(user, (newUser) => {
118  if (newUser) {
119    editForm.name = newUser.name
120    editForm.email = newUser.email
121  }
122}, { immediate: true })
123
124// 方法定义
125const fetchUser = async () => {
126  try {
127    loading.value = true
128    error.value = null
129    
130    const response = await fetch('/api/user/profile')
131    if (!response.ok) {
132      throw new Error('获取用户信息失败')
133    }
134    
135    user.value = await response.json()
136  } catch (err) {
137    error.value = err instanceof Error ? err.message : '未知错误'
138  } finally {
139    loading.value = false
140  }
141}
142
143const toggleEdit = () => {
144  if (!canEdit.value) return
145  
146  isEditing.value = !isEditing.value
147  
148  if (isEditing.value) {
149    // 进入编辑模式时，聚焦到第一个输入框
150    nextTick(() => {
151      const firstInput = document.querySelector('.edit-form input') as HTMLInputElement
152      firstInput?.focus()
153    })
154  }
155}
156
157const saveUser = async () => {
158  if (!user.value) return
159  
160  try {
161    saving.value = true
162    
163    const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${user.value.id}`, {
164      method: 'PATCH',
165      headers: {
166        'Content-Type': 'application/json'
167      },
168      body: JSON.stringify(editForm)
169    })
170    
171    if (!response.ok) {
172      throw new Error('保存失败')
173    }
174    
175    const updatedUser = await response.json()
176    user.value = updatedUser
177    isEditing.value = false
178    
179    // 显示成功消息
180    userStore.showMessage('保存成功', 'success')
181  } catch (err) {
182    error.value = err instanceof Error ? err.message : '保存失败'
183  } finally {
184    saving.value = false
185  }
186}
187
188const cancelEdit = () => {
189  if (user.value) {
190    editForm.name = user.value.name
191    editForm.email = user.value.email
192  }
193  isEditing.value = false
194}
195
196const retry = () => {
197  fetchUser()
198}
199
200const logout = async () => {
201  await userStore.logout()
202  router.push('/login')
203}
204</script>
205
206<style scoped>
207.user-profile {
208  max-width: 600px;
209  margin: 0 auto;
210  padding: 20px;
211}
212
213.user-info {
214  display: flex;
215  align-items: center;
216  gap: 20px;
217  padding: 20px;
218  border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
219  border-radius: 8px;
220  background: #fff;
221}
222
223.avatar {
224  width: 80px;
225  height: 80px;
226  border-radius: 50%;
227  object-fit: cover;
228}
229
230.details h2 {
231  margin: 0 0 8px 0;
232  color: #333;
233}
234
235.details p {
236  margin: 0 0 8px 0;
237  color: #666;
238}
239
240.role {
241  display: inline-block;
242  padding: 4px 8px;
243  background: #e3f2fd;
244  color: #1976d2;
245  border-radius: 4px;
246  font-size: 12px;
247}
248
249.loading, .error {
250  text-align: center;
251  padding: 40px;
252}
253
254.spinner {
255  width: 40px;
256  height: 40px;
257  border: 4px solid #f3f3f3;
258  border-top: 4px solid #3498db;
259  border-radius: 50%;
260  animation: spin 1s linear infinite;
261  margin: 0 auto 16px;
262}
263
264@keyframes spin {
265  0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
266  100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }
267}
268
269.actions {
270  display: flex;
271  gap: 12px;
272  margin-top: 20px;
273}
274
275.edit-form {
276  margin-top: 20px;
277  padding: 20px;
278  border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
279  border-radius: 8px;
280  background: #f9f9f9;
281}
282
283.form-group {
284  margin-bottom: 16px;
285}
286
287.form-group label {
288  display: block;
289  margin-bottom: 4px;
290  font-weight: 500;
291}
292
293.form-input {
294  width: 100%;
295  padding: 8px 12px;
296  border: 1px solid #ddd;
297  border-radius: 4px;
298  font-size: 14px;
299}
300
301.form-input:focus {
302  outline: none;
303  border-color: #3498db;
304  box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(52, 152, 219, 0.2);
305}
306
307.form-actions {
308  display: flex;
309  gap: 12px;
310}
311
312.btn-primary, .btn-secondary {
313  padding: 8px 16px;
314  border: none;
315  border-radius: 4px;
316  cursor: pointer;
317  font-size: 14px;
318  transition: background-color 0.2s;
319}
320
321.btn-primary {
322  background: #3498db;
323  color: white;
324}
325
326.btn-primary:hover:not(:disabled) {
327  background: #2980b9;
328}
329
330.btn-primary:disabled {
331  background: #bdc3c7;
332  cursor: not-allowed;
333}
334
335.btn-secondary {
336  background: #95a5a6;
337  color: white;
338}
339
340.btn-secondary:hover {
341  background: #7f8c8d;
342}
343
344.error {
345  color: #e74c3c;
346}
347</style>

组合式函数

自定义组合式函数

组合式函数最佳实践

typescript

1// composables/useApi.ts
2import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
3
4export interface ApiState<T> {
5  data: Ref<T | null>
6  loading: Ref<boolean>
7  error: Ref<string | null>
8  execute: (...args: any[]) => Promise<T>
9  reset: () => void
10}
11
12export function useApi<T>(
13  apiFunction: (...args: any[]) => Promise<T>
14): ApiState<T> {
15  const data = ref<T | null>(null)
16  const loading = ref(false)
17  const error = ref<string | null>(null)
18  
19  const execute = async (...args: any[]): Promise<T> => {
20    try {
21      loading.value = true
22      error.value = null
23      
24      const result = await apiFunction(...args)
25      data.value = result
26      return result
27    } catch (err) {
28      error.value = err instanceof Error ? err.message : '请求失败'
29      throw err
30    } finally {
31      loading.value = false
32    }
33  }
34  
35  const reset = () => {
36    data.value = null
37    loading.value = false
38    error.value = null
39  }
40  
41  return {
42    data,
43    loading,
44    error,
45    execute,
46    reset
47  }
48}
49
50// composables/useLocalStorage.ts
51import { ref, watch, Ref } from 'vue'
52
53export function useLocalStorage<T>(
54  key: string,
55  defaultValue: T
56): [Ref<T>, (value: T) => void] {
57  const storedValue = localStorage.getItem(key)
58  const initialValue = storedValue ? JSON.parse(storedValue) : defaultValue
59  
60  const state = ref<T>(initialValue)
61  
62  const setValue = (value: T) => {
63    state.value = value
64  }
65  
66  watch(
67    state,
68    (newValue) => {
69      localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(newValue))
70    },
71    { deep: true }
72  )
73  
74  return [state, setValue]
75}
76
77// composables/useDebounce.ts
78import { ref, watch, Ref } from 'vue'
79
80export function useDebounce<T>(
81  value: Ref<T>,
82  delay: number = 300
83): Ref<T> {
84  const debouncedValue = ref<T>(value.value)
85  
86  watch(value, (newValue) => {
87    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
88      debouncedValue.value = newValue
89    }, delay)
90    
91    return () => clearTimeout(timer)
92  })
93  
94  return debouncedValue
95}
96
97// composables/useIntersectionObserver.ts
98import { ref, onMounted, onUnmounted, Ref } from 'vue'
99
100export function useIntersectionObserver(
101  target: Ref<Element | null>,
102  options: IntersectionObserverInit = {}
103) {
104  const isIntersecting = ref(false)
105  const isSupported = typeof IntersectionObserver !== 'undefined'
106  
107  let observer: IntersectionObserver | null = null
108  
109  const cleanup = () => {
110    if (observer) {
111      observer.disconnect()
112      observer = null
113    }
114  }
115  
116  const observe = () => {
117    if (!isSupported || !target.value) return
118    
119    cleanup()
120    
121    observer = new IntersectionObserver(([entry]) => {
122      isIntersecting.value = entry.isIntersecting
123    }, options)
124    
125    observer.observe(target.value)
126  }
127  
128  onMounted(observe)
129  onUnmounted(cleanup)
130  
131  return {
132    isIntersecting,
133    isSupported,
134    observe,
135    cleanup
136  }
137}
138
139// 使用示例
140export default defineComponent({
141  setup() {
142    // API调用
143    const { data: users, loading, error, execute: fetchUsers } = useApi(
144      () => fetch('/api/users').then(res => res.json())
145    )
146    
147    // 本地存储
148    const [preferences, setPreferences] = useLocalStorage('userPreferences', {
149      theme: 'light',
150      language: 'zh-CN'
151    })
152    
153    // 防抖搜索
154    const searchQuery = ref('')
155    const debouncedQuery = useDebounce(searchQuery, 500)
156    
157    watch(debouncedQuery, (query) => {
158      if (query) {
159        // 执行搜索
160        console.log('搜索:', query)
161      }
162    })
163    
164    // 无限滚动
165    const loadMoreTrigger = ref<HTMLElement | null>(null)
166    const { isIntersecting } = useIntersectionObserver(loadMoreTrigger)
167    
168    watch(isIntersecting, (intersecting) => {
169      if (intersecting) {
170        // 加载更多数据
171        console.log('加载更多')
172      }
173    })
174    
175    onMounted(() => {
176      fetchUsers()
177    })
178    
179    return {
180      users,
181      loading,
182      error,
183      preferences,
184      setPreferences,
185      searchQuery,
186      loadMoreTrigger
187    }
188  }
189})

响应式系统

响应式系统深入理解

Vue 3响应式系统详解

typescript

1import { 
2  ref, 
3  reactive, 
4  computed, 
5  watch, 
6  watchEffect,
7  readonly,
8  shallowRef,
9  shallowReactive,
10  toRef,
11  toRefs,
12  unref,
13  isRef,
14  isReactive
15} from 'vue'
16
17// 1. 基础响应式API
18export function useReactivityDemo() {
19  // ref: 基础类型响应式
20  const count = ref(0)
21  const message = ref('Hello Vue 3')
22  
23  // reactive: 对象响应式
24  const state = reactive({
25    user: {
26      name: 'John',
27      age: 30
28    },
29    settings: {
30      theme: 'dark',
31      notifications: true
32    }
33  })
34  
35  // readonly: 只读响应式
36  const readonlyState = readonly(state)
37  
38  // 计算属性
39  const doubleCount = computed(() => count.value * 2)
40  const userInfo = computed(() => `${state.user.name} (${state.user.age}岁)`)
41  
42  // 可写计算属性
43  const fullName = computed({
44    get: () => `${state.user.name}`,
45    set: (value: string) => {
46      state.user.name = value
47    }
48  })
49  
50  return {
51    count,
52    message,
53    state,
54    readonlyState,
55    doubleCount,
56    userInfo,
57    fullName
58  }
59}
60
61// 2. 高级响应式模式
62export function useAdvancedReactivity() {
63  // 浅层响应式
64  const shallowState = shallowReactive({
65    deep: {
66      nested: {
67        value: 1
68      }
69    }
70  })
71  
72  const shallowCount = shallowRef({ count: 0 })
73  
74  // toRef 和 toRefs
75  const state = reactive({
76    name: 'Vue',
77    version: '3.0',
78    features: ['Composition API', 'TypeScript']
79  })
80  
81  const name = toRef(state, 'name')
82  const { version, features } = toRefs(state)
83  
84  // 响应式判断
85  const checkReactivity = () => {
86    console.log('count is ref:', isRef(count))
87    console.log('state is reactive:', isReactive(state))
88    console.log('unref count:', unref(count))
89  }
90  
91  return {
92    shallowState,
93    shallowCount,
94    name,
95    version,
96    features,
97    checkReactivity
98  }
99}
100
101// 3. 侦听器模式
102export function useWatchers() {
103  const count = ref(0)
104  const state = reactive({
105    name: 'Vue',
106    nested: {
107      value: 1
108    }
109  })
110  
111  // 基础侦听器
112  watch(count, (newValue, oldValue) => {
113    console.log(`count changed from ${oldValue} to ${newValue}`)
114  })
115  
116  // 侦听多个源
117  watch([count, () => state.name], ([newCount, newName], [oldCount, oldName]) => {
118    console.log('Multiple sources changed:', {
119      count: { old: oldCount, new: newCount },
120      name: { old: oldName, new: newName }
121    })
122  })
123  
124  // 深度侦听
125  watch(
126    () => state.nested,
127    (newValue, oldValue) => {
128      console.log('Nested object changed:', newValue)
129    },
130    { deep: true }
131  )
132  
133  // 立即执行侦听器
134  watch(
135    count,
136    (value) => {
137      console.log('Immediate watch:', value)
138    },
139    { immediate: true }
140  )
141  
142  // watchEffect: 自动追踪依赖
143  const stopWatcher = watchEffect(() => {
144    console.log(`Count is ${count.value}, name is ${state.name}`)
145  })
146  
147  // 停止侦听器
148  const stopAllWatchers = () => {
149    stopWatcher()
150  }
151  
152  // 异步侦听器
153  watchEffect(async (onInvalidate) => {
154    const controller = new AbortController()
155    
156    onInvalidate(() => {
157      controller.abort()
158    })
159    
160    try {
161      const response = await fetch(`/api/data/${count.value}`, {
162        signal: controller.signal
163      })
164      const data = await response.json()
165      console.log('Fetched data:', data)
166    } catch (error) {
167      if (error.name !== 'AbortError') {
168        console.error('Fetch error:', error)
169      }
170    }
171  })
172  
173  return {
174    count,
175    state,
176    stopAllWatchers
177  }
178}
179
180// 4. 响应式工具函数
181export function useReactivityUtils() {
182  // 响应式转换工具
183  const convertToReactive = <T extends object>(obj: T): T => {
184    return reactive(obj)
185  }
186  
187  // 深度只读转换
188  const makeDeepReadonly = <T>(obj: T): Readonly<T> => {
189    return readonly(obj)
190  }
191  
192  // 响应式数据克隆
193  const cloneReactive = <T extends object>(source: T): T => {
194    return reactive(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(source)))
195  }
196  
197  // 响应式数据合并
198  const mergeReactive = <T extends object, U extends object>(
199    target: T,
200    source: U
201  ): T & U => {
202    return reactive({ ...target, ...source })
203  }
204  
205  return {
206    convertToReactive,
207    makeDeepReadonly,
208    cloneReactive,
209    mergeReactive
210  }
211}
212
213// 使用示例组件
214export default defineComponent({
215  setup() {
216    const { count, state, doubleCount } = useReactivityDemo()
217    const { name, version } = useAdvancedReactivity()
218    const { stopAllWatchers } = useWatchers()
219    
220    // 组合多个组合式函数
221    const increment = () => {
222      count.value++
223    }
224    
225    const updateUser = () => {
226      state.user.name = 'Jane'
227      state.user.age = 25
228    }
229    
230    onUnmounted(() => {
231      stopAllWatchers()
232    })
233    
234    return {
235      count,
236      state,
237      doubleCount,
238      name,
239      version,
240      increment,
241      updateUser
242    }
243  }
244})

2. Vue组件化开发

2.1 单文件组件(SFC)架构

Vue的单文件组件提供了优秀的开发体验，将模板、逻辑和样式封装在一个文件中。

组件设计模式对比

设计模式	适用场景	优势	劣势	示例
展示组件	UI渲染	可复用、易测试	功能单一	Button, Card, Modal
容器组件	业务逻辑	逻辑集中	耦合度高	UserList, ProductManager
高阶组件	功能增强	横切关注点	复杂度高	withAuth, withLoading
Renderless组件	逻辑复用	灵活性高	理解成本	DataProvider, FormValidator

组件通信

组件通信完整方案

父子组件通信示例

vue

1<!-- 父组件: UserManagement.vue -->
2<template>
3  <div class="user-management">
4    <div class="header">
5      <h1>用户管理</h1>
6      <button @click="showAddModal = true" class="btn-primary">
7        添加用户
8      </button>
9    </div>
10    
11    <!-- 搜索和过滤 -->
12    <UserFilters
13      v-model:search="searchQuery"
14      v-model:role="selectedRole"
15      :roles="availableRoles"
16      @reset="resetFilters"
17    />
18    
19    <!-- 用户列表 -->
20    <UserList
21      :users="filteredUsers"
22      :loading="loading"
23      @edit="handleEditUser"
24      @delete="handleDeleteUser"
25      @toggle-status="handleToggleStatus"
26    />
27    
28    <!-- 添加/编辑用户模态框 -->
29    <UserModal
30      v-model:visible="showAddModal"
31      :user="editingUser"
32      :mode="modalMode"
33      @save="handleSaveUser"
34      @cancel="handleCancelEdit"
35    />
36    
37    <!-- 确认删除对话框 -->
38    <ConfirmDialog
39      v-model:visible="showDeleteDialog"
40      title="确认删除"
41      :message="`确定要删除用户 ${deletingUser?.name} 吗？`"
42      @confirm="confirmDelete"
43      @cancel="showDeleteDialog = false"
44    />
45  </div>
46</template>
47
48<script setup lang="ts">
49import { ref, computed, onMounted } from 'vue'
50import UserFilters from './components/UserFilters.vue'
51import UserList from './components/UserList.vue'
52import UserModal from './components/UserModal.vue'
53import ConfirmDialog from './components/ConfirmDialog.vue'
54import { useUserApi } from '@/composables/useUserApi'
55import { useNotification } from '@/composables/useNotification'
56
57// 类型定义
58interface User {
59  id: number
60  name: string
61  email: string
62  role: 'admin' | 'user' | 'guest'
63  status: 'active' | 'inactive'
64  avatar?: string
65  createdAt: string
66}
67
68type ModalMode = 'add' | 'edit'
69
70// 响应式数据
71const searchQuery = ref('')
72const selectedRole = ref<string>('')
73const showAddModal = ref(false)
74const showDeleteDialog = ref(false)
75const editingUser = ref<User | null>(null)
76const deletingUser = ref<User | null>(null)
77const modalMode = ref<ModalMode>('add')
78
79// 组合式函数
80const { users, loading, fetchUsers, createUser, updateUser, deleteUser } = useUserApi()
81const { showSuccess, showError } = useNotification()
82
83// 计算属性
84const availableRoles = computed(() => [
85  { value: '', label: '全部角色' },
86  { value: 'admin', label: '管理员' },
87  { value: 'user', label: '普通用户' },
88  { value: 'guest', label: '访客' }
89])
90
91const filteredUsers = computed(() => {
92  return users.value.filter(user => {
93    const matchesSearch = !searchQuery.value || 
94      user.name.toLowerCase().includes(searchQuery.value.toLowerCase()) ||
95      user.email.toLowerCase().includes(searchQuery.value.toLowerCase())
96    
97    const matchesRole = !selectedRole.value || user.role === selectedRole.value
98    
99    return matchesSearch && matchesRole
100  })
101})
102
103// 事件处理
104const handleEditUser = (user: User) => {
105  editingUser.value = { ...user }
106  modalMode.value = 'edit'
107  showAddModal.value = true
108}
109
110const handleDeleteUser = (user: User) => {
111  deletingUser.value = user
112  showDeleteDialog.value = true
113}
114
115const handleToggleStatus = async (user: User) => {
116  try {
117    const newStatus = user.status === 'active' ? 'inactive' : 'active'
118    await updateUser(user.id, { status: newStatus })
119    showSuccess(`用户状态已更新为${newStatus === 'active' ? '激活' : '禁用'}`)
120  } catch (error) {
121    showError('更新用户状态失败')
122  }
123}
124
125const handleSaveUser = async (userData: Partial<User>) => {
126  try {
127    if (modalMode.value === 'add') {
128      await createUser(userData)
129      showSuccess('用户创建成功')
130    } else {
131      await updateUser(editingUser.value!.id, userData)
132      showSuccess('用户更新成功')
133    }
134    
135    showAddModal.value = false
136    editingUser.value = null
137  } catch (error) {
138    showError(modalMode.value === 'add' ? '创建用户失败' : '更新用户失败')
139  }
140}
141
142const handleCancelEdit = () => {
143  showAddModal.value = false
144  editingUser.value = null
145}
146
147const confirmDelete = async () => {
148  if (!deletingUser.value) return
149  
150  try {
151    await deleteUser(deletingUser.value.id)
152    showSuccess('用户删除成功')
153    showDeleteDialog.value = false
154    deletingUser.value = null
155  } catch (error) {
156    showError('删除用户失败')
157  }
158}
159
160const resetFilters = () => {
161  searchQuery.value = ''
162  selectedRole.value = ''
163}
164
165// 生命周期
166onMounted(() => {
167  fetchUsers()
168})
169</script>
170
171<!-- 子组件: UserFilters.vue -->
172<template>
173  <div class="user-filters">
174    <div class="filter-group">
175      <label for="search">搜索用户：</label>
176      <input
177        id="search"
178        :value="search"
179        @input="$emit('update:search', $event.target.value)"
180        type="text"
181        placeholder="输入姓名或邮箱..."
182        class="search-input"
183      />
184    </div>
185    
186    <div class="filter-group">
187      <label for="role">角色筛选：</label>
188      <select
189        id="role"
190        :value="role"
191        @change="$emit('update:role', $event.target.value)"
192        class="role-select"
193      >
194        <option
195          v-for="roleOption in roles"
196          :key="roleOption.value"
197          :value="roleOption.value"
198        >
199          {{ roleOption.label }}
200        </option>
201      </select>
202    </div>
203    
204    <button @click="$emit('reset')" class="btn-secondary">
205      重置筛选
206    </button>
207  </div>
208</template>
209
210<script setup lang="ts">
211// Props定义
212interface Props {
213  search: string
214  role: string
215  roles: Array<{ value: string; label: string }>
216}
217
218defineProps<Props>()
219
220// 事件定义
221interface Emits {
222  'update:search': [value: string]
223  'update:role': [value: string]
224  'reset': []
225}
226
227defineEmits<Emits>()
228</script>
229
230<!-- 子组件: UserList.vue -->
231<template>
232  <div class="user-list">
233    <div v-if="loading" class="loading">
234      <div class="spinner"></div>
235      <p>加载中...</p>
236    </div>
237    
238    <div v-else-if="users.length === 0" class="empty-state">
239      <p>暂无用户数据</p>
240    </div>
241    
242    <div v-else class="user-grid">
243      <div
244        v-for="user in users"
245        :key="user.id"
246        class="user-card"
247        :class="{ 'user-card--inactive': user.status === 'inactive' }"
248      >
249        <div class="user-avatar">
250          <img
251            :src="user.avatar || '/default-avatar.png'"
252            :alt="user.name"
253            class="avatar-image"
254          />
255          <div class="status-indicator" :class="`status--${user.status}`"></div>
256        </div>
257        
258        <div class="user-info">
259          <h3 class="user-name">{{ user.name }}</h3>
260          <p class="user-email">{{ user.email }}</p>
261          <span class="user-role" :class="`role--${user.role}`">
262            {{ getRoleLabel(user.role) }}
263          </span>
264        </div>
265        
266        <div class="user-actions">
267          <button
268            @click="$emit('edit', user)"
269            class="btn-icon"
270            title="编辑"
271          >
272            ✏️
273          </button>
274          <button
275            @click="$emit('toggle-status', user)"
276            class="btn-icon"
277            :title="user.status === 'active' ? '禁用' : '启用'"
278          >
279            {{ user.status === 'active' ? '🔒' : '🔓' }}
280          </button>
281          <button
282            @click="$emit('delete', user)"
283            class="btn-icon btn-danger"
284            title="删除"
285          >
286            🗑️
287          </button>
288        </div>
289      </div>
290    </div>
291  </div>
292</template>
293
294<script setup lang="ts">
295// Props和Emits定义
296interface User {
297  id: number
298  name: string
299  email: string
300  role: 'admin' | 'user' | 'guest'
301  status: 'active' | 'inactive'
302  avatar?: string
303}
304
305interface Props {
306  users: User[]
307  loading: boolean
308}
309
310interface Emits {
311  'edit': [user: User]
312  'delete': [user: User]
313  'toggle-status': [user: User]
314}
315
316defineProps<Props>()
317defineEmits<Emits>()
318
319// 工具函数
320const getRoleLabel = (role: string) => {
321  const roleLabels = {
322    admin: '管理员',
323    user: '普通用户',
324    guest: '访客'
325  }
326  return roleLabels[role] || role
327}
328</script>

依赖注入

Provide/Inject模式

依赖注入完整示例

vue

1<!-- 根组件: App.vue -->
2<template>
3  <div id="app">
4    <ThemeProvider>
5      <UserProvider>
6        <NotificationProvider>
7          <router-view />
8        </NotificationProvider>
9      </UserProvider>
10    </ThemeProvider>
11  </div>
12</template>
13
14<script setup lang="ts">
15import ThemeProvider from './providers/ThemeProvider.vue'
16import UserProvider from './providers/UserProvider.vue'
17import NotificationProvider from './providers/NotificationProvider.vue'
18</script>
19
20<!-- 主题提供者: ThemeProvider.vue -->
21<template>
22  <div :class="`theme-${theme}`">
23    <slot />
24  </div>
25</template>
26
27<script setup lang="ts">
28import { ref, provide, computed } from 'vue'
29
30// 主题类型定义
31type Theme = 'light' | 'dark' | 'auto'
32
33interface ThemeContext {
34  theme: Ref<Theme>
35  toggleTheme: () => void
36  setTheme: (theme: Theme) => void
37  isDark: ComputedRef<boolean>
38}
39
40// 注入键
41export const ThemeKey = Symbol('theme') as InjectionKey<ThemeContext>
42
43// 响应式状态
44const theme = ref<Theme>('light')
45
46// 计算属性
47const isDark = computed(() => {
48  if (theme.value === 'auto') {
49    return window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches
50  }
51  return theme.value === 'dark'
52})
53
54// 方法
55const toggleTheme = () => {
56  theme.value = theme.value === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light'
57}
58
59const setTheme = (newTheme: Theme) => {
60  theme.value = newTheme
61}
62
63// 提供主题上下文
64provide(ThemeKey, {
65  theme,
66  toggleTheme,
67  setTheme,
68  isDark
69})
70
71// 监听系统主题变化
72if (theme.value === 'auto') {
73  const mediaQuery = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)')
74  mediaQuery.addEventListener('change', () => {
75    // 触发重新计算
76    theme.value = 'auto'
77  })
78}
79</script>
80
81<!-- 用户提供者: UserProvider.vue -->
82<template>
83  <slot />
84</template>
85
86<script setup lang="ts">
87import { ref, provide, computed } from 'vue'
88import { useRouter } from 'vue-router'
89
90// 用户类型定义
91interface User {
92  id: number
93  name: string
94  email: string
95  role: 'admin' | 'user' | 'guest'
96  avatar?: string
97  permissions: string[]
98}
99
100interface UserContext {
101  user: Ref<User | null>
102  loading: Ref<boolean>
103  login: (credentials: LoginCredentials) => Promise<void>
104  logout: () => Promise<void>
105  updateProfile: (updates: Partial<User>) => Promise<void>
106  hasPermission: (permission: string) => boolean
107  isAdmin: ComputedRef<boolean>
108}
109
110// 注入键
111export const UserKey = Symbol('user') as InjectionKey<UserContext>
112
113// 响应式状态
114const user = ref<User | null>(null)
115const loading = ref(false)
116
117// 路由
118const router = useRouter()
119
120// 计算属性
121const isAdmin = computed(() => user.value?.role === 'admin')
122
123// 方法
124const login = async (credentials: LoginCredentials) => {
125  try {
126    loading.value = true
127    
128    const response = await fetch('/api/auth/login', {
129      method: 'POST',
130      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
131      body: JSON.stringify(credentials)
132    })
133    
134    if (!response.ok) {
135      throw new Error('登录失败')
136    }
137    
138    const { user: userData, token } = await response.json()
139    
140    localStorage.setItem('token', token)
141    user.value = userData
142    
143    router.push('/dashboard')
144  } catch (error) {
145    throw error
146  } finally {
147    loading.value = false
148  }
149}
150
151const logout = async () => {
152  try {
153    await fetch('/api/auth/logout', { method: 'POST' })
154  } catch (error) {
155    console.error('Logout error:', error)
156  } finally {
157    localStorage.removeItem('token')
158    user.value = null
159    router.push('/login')
160  }
161}
162
163const updateProfile = async (updates: Partial<User>) => {
164  if (!user.value) return
165  
166  try {
167    const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${user.value.id}`, {
168      method: 'PATCH',
169      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
170      body: JSON.stringify(updates)
171    })
172    
173    if (!response.ok) {
174      throw new Error('更新失败')
175    }
176    
177    const updatedUser = await response.json()
178    user.value = updatedUser
179  } catch (error) {
180    throw error
181  }
182}
183
184const hasPermission = (permission: string): boolean => {
185  return user.value?.permissions.includes(permission) || false
186}
187
188// 提供用户上下文
189provide(UserKey, {
190  user,
191  loading,
192  login,
193  logout,
194  updateProfile,
195  hasPermission,
196  isAdmin
197})
198
199// 初始化时检查登录状态
200onMounted(async () => {
201  const token = localStorage.getItem('token')
202  if (token) {
203    try {
204      const response = await fetch('/api/auth/me', {
205        headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` }
206      })
207      
208      if (response.ok) {
209        user.value = await response.json()
210      } else {
211        localStorage.removeItem('token')
212      }
213    } catch (error) {
214      console.error('Auth check failed:', error)
215      localStorage.removeItem('token')
216    }
217  }
218})
219</script>
220
221<!-- 通知提供者: NotificationProvider.vue -->
222<template>
223  <div>
224    <slot />
225    
226    <!-- 通知容器 -->
227    <Teleport to="body">
228      <div class="notification-container">
229        <TransitionGroup name="notification" tag="div">
230          <div
231            v-for="notification in notifications"
232            :key="notification.id"
233            class="notification"
234            :class="`notification--${notification.type}`"
235          >
236            <div class="notification-content">
237              <div class="notification-icon">
238                {{ getNotificationIcon(notification.type) }}
239              </div>
240              <div class="notification-text">
241                <div class="notification-title">{{ notification.title }}</div>
242                <div v-if="notification.message" class="notification-message">
243                  {{ notification.message }}
244                </div>
245              </div>
246              <button
247                @click="removeNotification(notification.id)"
248                class="notification-close"
249              >
250                ×
251              </button>
252            </div>
253          </div>
254        </TransitionGroup>
255      </div>
256    </Teleport>
257  </div>
258</template>
259
260<script setup lang="ts">
261import { ref, provide } from 'vue'
262
263// 通知类型定义
264type NotificationType = 'success' | 'error' | 'warning' | 'info'
265
266interface Notification {
267  id: string
268  type: NotificationType
269  title: string
270  message?: string
271  duration?: number
272}
273
274interface NotificationContext {
275  notifications: Ref<Notification[]>
276  showNotification: (notification: Omit<Notification, 'id'>) => void
277  showSuccess: (title: string, message?: string) => void
278  showError: (title: string, message?: string) => void
279  showWarning: (title: string, message?: string) => void
280  showInfo: (title: string, message?: string) => void
281  removeNotification: (id: string) => void
282}
283
284// 注入键
285export const NotificationKey = Symbol('notification') as InjectionKey<NotificationContext>
286
287// 响应式状态
288const notifications = ref<Notification[]>([])
289
290// 方法
291const showNotification = (notification: Omit<Notification, 'id'>) => {
292  const id = Date.now().toString()
293  const newNotification: Notification = {
294    id,
295    duration: 5000,
296    ...notification
297  }
298  
299  notifications.value.push(newNotification)
300  
301  // 自动移除
302  if (newNotification.duration && newNotification.duration > 0) {
303    setTimeout(() => {
304      removeNotification(id)
305    }, newNotification.duration)
306  }
307}
308
309const showSuccess = (title: string, message?: string) => {
310  showNotification({ type: 'success', title, message })
311}
312
313const showError = (title: string, message?: string) => {
314  showNotification({ type: 'error', title, message })
315}
316
317const showWarning = (title: string, message?: string) => {
318  showNotification({ type: 'warning', title, message })
319}
320
321const showInfo = (title: string, message?: string) => {
322  showNotification({ type: 'info', title, message })
323}
324
325const removeNotification = (id: string) => {
326  const index = notifications.value.findIndex(n => n.id === id)
327  if (index > -1) {
328    notifications.value.splice(index, 1)
329  }
330}
331
332const getNotificationIcon = (type: NotificationType) => {
333  const icons = {
334    success: '✅',
335    error: '❌',
336    warning: '⚠️',
337    info: 'ℹ️'
338  }
339  return icons[type]
340}
341
342// 提供通知上下文
343provide(NotificationKey, {
344  notifications,
345  showNotification,
346  showSuccess,
347  showError,
348  showWarning,
349  showInfo,
350  removeNotification
351})
352</script>
353
354<!-- 使用依赖注入的组件 -->
355<template>
356  <div class="settings-page">
357    <div class="settings-header">
358      <h1>设置</h1>
359      <button @click="toggleTheme" class="theme-toggle">
360        {{ isDark ? '🌞' : '🌙' }}
361      </button>
362    </div>
363    
364    <div class="settings-content">
365      <div class="setting-group">
366        <h3>主题设置</h3>
367        <select v-model="theme" @change="setTheme(theme)">
368          <option value="light">浅色主题</option>
369          <option value="dark">深色主题</option>
370          <option value="auto">跟随系统</option>
371        </select>
372      </div>
373      
374      <div class="setting-group" v-if="isAdmin">
375        <h3>管理员设置</h3>
376        <button @click="showAdminPanel">管理面板</button>
377      </div>
378    </div>
379  </div>
380</template>
381
382<script setup lang="ts">
383import { inject } from 'vue'
384import { ThemeKey } from '@/providers/ThemeProvider.vue'
385import { UserKey } from '@/providers/UserProvider.vue'
386import { NotificationKey } from '@/providers/NotificationProvider.vue'
387
388// 注入依赖
389const themeContext = inject(ThemeKey)
390const userContext = inject(UserKey)
391const notificationContext = inject(NotificationKey)
392
393if (!themeContext || !userContext || !notificationContext) {
394  throw new Error('Required providers not found')
395}
396
397const { theme, toggleTheme, setTheme, isDark } = themeContext
398const { isAdmin } = userContext
399const { showInfo } = notificationContext
400
401// 方法
402const showAdminPanel = () => {
403  showInfo('管理面板', '即将跳转到管理面板')
404}
405</script>

插槽系统

插槽系统高级用法

插槽系统完整示例

vue

1<!-- 基础插槽组件: BaseCard.vue -->
2<template>
3  <div class="base-card" :class="cardClasses">
4    <!-- 头部插槽 -->
5    <header v-if="$slots.header" class="card-header">
6      <slot name="header" :title="title" :subtitle="subtitle" />
7    </header>
8    
9    <!-- 默认内容插槽 -->
10    <main class="card-content">
11      <slot :loading="loading" :error="error" />
12    </main>
13    
14    <!-- 底部插槽 -->
15    <footer v-if="$slots.footer" class="card-footer">
16      <slot name="footer" :actions="actions" />
17    </footer>
18    
19    <!-- 加载状态插槽 -->
20    <div v-if="loading && $slots.loading" class="card-loading">
21      <slot name="loading" />
22    </div>
23    
24    <!-- 错误状态插槽 -->
25    <div v-if="error && $slots.error" class="card-error">
26      <slot name="error" :error="error" :retry="retry" />
27    </div>
28  </div>
29</template>
30
31<script setup lang="ts">
32import { computed } from 'vue'
33
34// Props定义
35interface Props {
36  title?: string
37  subtitle?: string
38  variant?: 'default' | 'primary' | 'success' | 'warning' | 'danger'
39  size?: 'small' | 'medium' | 'large'
40  loading?: boolean
41  error?: string | null
42  actions?: Array<{ label: string; onClick: () => void }>
43}
44
45const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
46  variant: 'default',
47  size: 'medium',
48  loading: false,
49  error: null
50})
51
52// 事件定义
53interface Emits {
54  retry: []
55}
56
57const emit = defineEmits<Emits>()
58
59// 计算属性
60const cardClasses = computed(() => [
61  `card--${props.variant}`,
62  `card--${props.size}`,
63  {
64    'card--loading': props.loading,
65    'card--error': props.error
66  }
67])
68
69// 方法
70const retry = () => {
71  emit('retry')
72}
73</script>
74
75<!-- 数据表格组件: DataTable.vue -->
76<template>
77  <BaseCard
78    :loading="loading"
79    :error="error"
80    @retry="$emit('retry')"
81    class="data-table-card"
82  >
83    <!-- 表格头部 -->
84    <template #header="{ title, subtitle }">
85      <div class="table-header">
86        <div class="table-title">
87          <h2>{{ title || '数据表格' }}</h2>
88          <p v-if="subtitle">{{ subtitle }}</p>
89        </div>
90        
91        <div class="table-actions">
92          <slot name="actions" :selected="selectedRows" />
93        </div>
94      </div>
95    </template>
96    
97    <!-- 表格内容 -->
98    <template #default="{ loading, error }">
99      <div class="table-container">
100        <!-- 表格工具栏 -->
101        <div class="table-toolbar">
102          <div class="table-filters">
103            <slot name="filters" />
104          </div>
105          
106          <div class="table-controls">
107            <button
108              @click="toggleSelectAll"
109              class="btn-secondary"
110              :disabled="loading"
111            >
112              {{ isAllSelected ? '取消全选' : '全选' }}
113            </button>
114            
115            <slot name="controls" :refresh="refresh" />
116          </div>
117        </div>
118        
119        <!-- 表格主体 -->
120        <div class="table-wrapper">
121          <table class="data-table">
122            <thead>
123              <tr>
124                <th v-if="selectable" class="select-column">
125                  <input
126                    type="checkbox"
127                    :checked="isAllSelected"
128                    @change="toggleSelectAll"
129                  />
130                </th>
131                
132                <th
133                  v-for="column in columns"
134                  :key="column.key"
135                  :class="getColumnClass(column)"
136                  @click="handleSort(column)"
137                >
138                  <div class="column-header">
139                    <span>{{ column.title }}</span>
140                    <span
141                      v-if="column.sortable"
142                      class="sort-indicator"
143                      :class="getSortClass(column.key)"
144                    >
145                      ↕️
146                    </span>
147                  </div>
148                </th>
149                
150                <th v-if="$slots.actions" class="actions-column">
151                  操作
152                </th>
153              </tr>
154            </thead>
155            
156            <tbody>
157              <tr
158                v-for="(row, index) in paginatedData"
159                :key="getRowKey(row, index)"
160                :class="getRowClass(row, index)"
161                @click="handleRowClick(row, index)"
162              >
163                <td v-if="selectable" class="select-cell">
164                  <input
165                    type="checkbox"
166                    :checked="isRowSelected(row)"
167                    @change="toggleRowSelection(row)"
168                    @click.stop
169                  />
170                </td>
171                
172                <td
173                  v-for="column in columns"
174                  :key="column.key"
175                  :class="getCellClass(column, row)"
176                >
177                  <!-- 自定义列渲染 -->
178                  <slot
179                    :name="`column-${column.key}`"
180                    :row="row"
181                    :column="column"
182                    :value="getColumnValue(row, column.key)"
183                    :index="index"
184                  >
185                    <!-- 默认列渲染 -->
186                    <span>{{ getColumnValue(row, column.key) }}</span>
187                  </slot>
188                </td>
189                
190                <td v-if="$slots.actions" class="actions-cell">
191                  <slot name="actions" :row="row" :index="index" />
192                </td>
193              </tr>
194            </tbody>
195          </table>
196          
197          <!-- 空状态 -->
198          <div v-if="!loading && data.length === 0" class="empty-state">
199            <slot name="empty">
200              <div class="empty-content">
201                <p>暂无数据</p>
202              </div>
203            </slot>
204          </div>
205        </div>
206        
207        <!-- 分页 -->
208        <div v-if="pagination" class="table-pagination">
209          <slot
210            name="pagination"
211            :current="currentPage"
212            :total="totalPages"
213            :pageSize="pageSize"
214            :totalItems="data.length"
215            :goToPage="goToPage"
216            :changePageSize="changePageSize"
217          >
218            <!-- 默认分页组件 -->
219            <DefaultPagination
220              :current="currentPage"
221              :total="totalPages"
222              :page-size="pageSize"
223              @change="goToPage"
224              @size-change="changePageSize"
225            />
226          </slot>
227        </div>
228      </div>
229    </template>
230    
231    <!-- 加载状态 -->
232    <template #loading>
233      <slot name="loading">
234        <div class="table-loading">
235          <div class="loading-spinner"></div>
236          <p>数据加载中...</p>
237        </div>
238      </slot>
239    </template>
240    
241    <!-- 错误状态 -->
242    <template #error="{ error, retry }">
243      <slot name="error" :error="error" :retry="retry">
244        <div class="table-error">
245          <p>{{ error }}</p>
246          <button @click="retry" class="btn-primary">重试</button>
247        </div>
248      </slot>
249    </template>
250  </BaseCard>
251</template>
252
253<script setup lang="ts">
254import { ref, computed, watch } from 'vue'
255import BaseCard from './BaseCard.vue'
256import DefaultPagination from './DefaultPagination.vue'
257
258// 类型定义
259interface Column {
260  key: string
261  title: string
262  sortable?: boolean
263  width?: string
264  align?: 'left' | 'center' | 'right'
265  fixed?: 'left' | 'right'
266}
267
268interface Props {
269  data: any[]
270  columns: Column[]
271  loading?: boolean
272  error?: string | null
273  selectable?: boolean
274  pagination?: boolean
275  pageSize?: number
276  rowKey?: string | ((row: any) => string)
277}
278
279interface Emits {
280  'row-click': [row: any, index: number]
281  'selection-change': [selectedRows: any[]]
282  'sort-change': [column: string, direction: 'asc' | 'desc' | null]
283  'retry': []
284}
285
286const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
287  loading: false,
288  error: null,
289  selectable: false,
290  pagination: true,
291  pageSize: 10,
292  rowKey: 'id'
293})
294
295const emit = defineEmits<Emits>()
296
297// 响应式数据
298const selectedRows = ref<any[]>([])
299const currentPage = ref(1)
300const sortColumn = ref<string | null>(null)
301const sortDirection = ref<'asc' | 'desc' | null>(null)
302
303// 计算属性
304const sortedData = computed(() => {
305  if (!sortColumn.value || !sortDirection.value) {
306    return props.data
307  }
308  
309  return [...props.data].sort((a, b) => {
310    const aValue = getColumnValue(a, sortColumn.value!)
311    const bValue = getColumnValue(b, sortColumn.value!)
312    
313    if (aValue < bValue) return sortDirection.value === 'asc' ? -1 : 1
314    if (aValue > bValue) return sortDirection.value === 'asc' ? 1 : -1
315    return 0
316  })
317})
318
319const paginatedData = computed(() => {
320  if (!props.pagination) return sortedData.value
321  
322  const start = (currentPage.value - 1) * props.pageSize
323  const end = start + props.pageSize
324  return sortedData.value.slice(start, end)
325})
326
327const totalPages = computed(() => {
328  return Math.ceil(props.data.length / props.pageSize)
329})
330
331const isAllSelected = computed(() => {
332  return props.data.length > 0 && selectedRows.value.length === props.data.length
333})
334
335// 方法
336const getRowKey = (row: any, index: number): string => {
337  if (typeof props.rowKey === 'function') {
338    return props.rowKey(row)
339  }
340  return row[props.rowKey] || index.toString()
341}
342
343const getColumnValue = (row: any, key: string) => {
344  return key.split('.').reduce((obj, k) => obj?.[k], row)
345}
346
347const getColumnClass = (column: Column) => [
348  `column-${column.key}`,
349  `align-${column.align || 'left'}`,
350  {
351    'sortable': column.sortable,
352    'fixed-left': column.fixed === 'left',
353    'fixed-right': column.fixed === 'right'
354  }
355]
356
357const getCellClass = (column: Column, row: any) => [
358  `cell-${column.key}`,
359  `align-${column.align || 'left'}`
360]
361
362const getRowClass = (row: any, index: number) => [
363  'table-row',
364  {
365    'row-selected': isRowSelected(row),
366    'row-even': index % 2 === 0,
367    'row-odd': index % 2 === 1
368  }
369]
370
371const getSortClass = (columnKey: string) => {
372  if (sortColumn.value !== columnKey) return ''
373  return `sort-${sortDirection.value}`
374}
375
376const isRowSelected = (row: any): boolean => {
377  const rowKey = getRowKey(row, 0)
378  return selectedRows.value.some(selected => getRowKey(selected, 0) === rowKey)
379}
380
381const toggleRowSelection = (row: any) => {
382  const rowKey = getRowKey(row, 0)
383  const index = selectedRows.value.findIndex(selected => getRowKey(selected, 0) === rowKey)
384  
385  if (index > -1) {
386    selectedRows.value.splice(index, 1)
387  } else {
388    selectedRows.value.push(row)
389  }
390}
391
392const toggleSelectAll = () => {
393  if (isAllSelected.value) {
394    selectedRows.value = []
395  } else {
396    selectedRows.value = [...props.data]
397  }
398}
399
400const handleSort = (column: Column) => {
401  if (!column.sortable) return
402  
403  if (sortColumn.value === column.key) {
404    // 切换排序方向
405    if (sortDirection.value === 'asc') {
406      sortDirection.value = 'desc'
407    } else if (sortDirection.value === 'desc') {
408      sortDirection.value = null
409      sortColumn.value = null
410    } else {
411      sortDirection.value = 'asc'
412    }
413  } else {
414    sortColumn.value = column.key
415    sortDirection.value = 'asc'
416  }
417  
418  emit('sort-change', sortColumn.value, sortDirection.value)
419}
420
421const handleRowClick = (row: any, index: number) => {
422  emit('row-click', row, index)
423}
424
425const goToPage = (page: number) => {
426  currentPage.value = page
427}
428
429const changePageSize = (size: number) => {
430  props.pageSize = size
431  currentPage.value = 1
432}
433
434const refresh = () => {
435  emit('retry')
436}
437
438// 监听选择变化
439watch(selectedRows, (newSelection) => {
440  emit('selection-change', newSelection)
441}, { deep: true })
442</script>
443
444<!-- 使用示例 -->
445<template>
446  <div class="user-management">
447    <DataTable
448      :data="users"
449      :columns="columns"
450      :loading="loading"
451      :error="error"
452      selectable
453      @row-click="handleRowClick"
454      @selection-change="handleSelectionChange"
455      @retry="fetchUsers"
456    >
457      <!-- 操作按钮 -->
458      <template #actions="{ selected }">
459        <button
460          @click="handleBatchDelete"
461          :disabled="selected.length === 0"
462          class="btn-danger"
463        >
464          批量删除 ({{ selected.length }})
465        </button>
466        <button @click="handleAddUser" class="btn-primary">
467          添加用户
468        </button>
469      </template>
470      
471      <!-- 过滤器 -->
472      <template #filters>
473        <input
474          v-model="searchQuery"
475          placeholder="搜索用户..."
476          class="search-input"
477        />
478        <select v-model="roleFilter" class="role-filter">
479          <option value="">全部角色</option>
480          <option value="admin">管理员</option>
481          <option value="user">用户</option>
482        </select>
483      </template>
484      
485      <!-- 自定义列渲染 -->
486      <template #column-avatar="{ row }">
487        <img
488          :src="row.avatar || '/default-avatar.png'"
489          :alt="row.name"
490          class="user-avatar"
491        />
492      </template>
493      
494      <template #column-status="{ row }">
495        <span
496          class="status-badge"
497          :class="`status--${row.status}`"
498        >
499          {{ row.status === 'active' ? '激活' : '禁用' }}
500        </span>
501      </template>
502      
503      <!-- 行操作 -->
504      <template #actions="{ row }">
505        <button @click="editUser(row)" class="btn-sm btn-secondary">
506          编辑
507        </button>
508        <button @click="deleteUser(row)" class="btn-sm btn-danger">
509          删除
510        </button>
511      </template>
512      
513      <!-- 空状态 -->
514      <template #empty>
515        <div class="empty-users">
516          <h3>暂无用户</h3>
517          <p>点击"添加用户"按钮创建第一个用户</p>
518          <button @click="handleAddUser" class="btn-primary">
519            添加用户
520          </button>
521        </div>
522      </template>
523    </DataTable>
524  </div>
525</template>

3. Vue生态系统与工具链

3.1 Vue Router 4路由管理

Vue Router 4为Vue 3应用提供了强大的路由功能，支持嵌套路由、路由守卫、动态路由等特性。

路由配置最佳实践

路由特性	使用场景	配置方式	性能影响
嵌套路由	多层级页面	children配置	中等
动态路由	参数化页面	:id语法	低
懒加载	代码分割	import()函数	优化首屏
路由守卫	权限控制	beforeEnter等	低
命名路由	编程导航	name属性	无

路由配置

完整路由配置示例

Vue Router完整配置

typescript

1// router/index.ts
2import { createRouter, createWebHistory, RouteRecordRaw } from 'vue-router'
3import { useUserStore } from '@/stores/user'
4import { useNotificationStore } from '@/stores/notification'
5
6// 路由类型定义
7declare module 'vue-router' {
8  interface RouteMeta {
9    title?: string
10    requiresAuth?: boolean
11    roles?: string[]
12    permissions?: string[]
13    layout?: string
14    keepAlive?: boolean
15    showInMenu?: boolean
16    icon?: string
17  }
18}
19
20// 路由配置
21const routes: RouteRecordRaw[] = [
22  {
23    path: '/',
24    name: 'Home',
25    component: () => import('@/views/Home.vue'),
26    meta: {
27      title: '首页',
28      showInMenu: true,
29      icon: '🏠'
30    }
31  },
32  
33  // 认证相关路由
34  {
35    path: '/auth',
36    component: () => import('@/layouts/AuthLayout.vue'),
37    children: [
38      {
39        path: 'login',
40        name: 'Login',
41        component: () => import('@/views/auth/Login.vue'),
42        meta: {
43          title: '登录',
44          layout: 'auth'
45        }
46      },
47      {
48        path: 'register',
49        name: 'Register',
50        component: () => import('@/views/auth/Register.vue'),
51        meta: {
52          title: '注册',
53          layout: 'auth'
54        }
55      },
56      {
57        path: 'forgot-password',
58        name: 'ForgotPassword',
59        component: () => import('@/views/auth/ForgotPassword.vue'),
60        meta: {
61          title: '忘记密码',
62          layout: 'auth'
63        }
64      }
65    ]
66  },
67  
68  // 用户相关路由
69  {
70    path: '/user',
71    component: () => import('@/layouts/DefaultLayout.vue'),
72    meta: {
73      requiresAuth: true
74    },
75    children: [
76      {
77        path: 'profile',
78        name: 'UserProfile',
79        component: () => import('@/views/user/Profile.vue'),
80        meta: {
81          title: '个人资料',
82          requiresAuth: true,
83          showInMenu: true,
84          icon: '👤'
85        }
86      },
87      {
88        path: 'settings',
89        name: 'UserSettings',
90        component: () => import('@/views/user/Settings.vue'),
91        meta: {
92          title: '用户设置',
93          requiresAuth: true,
94          showInMenu: true,
95          icon: '⚙️'
96        }
97      },
98      {
99        path: 'notifications',
100        name: 'UserNotifications',
101        component: () => import('@/views/user/Notifications.vue'),
102        meta: {
103          title: '消息通知',
104          requiresAuth: true,
105          showInMenu: true,
106          icon: '🔔'
107        }
108      }
109    ]
110  },
111  
112  // 管理员路由
113  {
114    path: '/admin',
115    component: () => import('@/layouts/AdminLayout.vue'),
116    meta: {
117      requiresAuth: true,
118      roles: ['admin']
119    },
120    children: [
121      {
122        path: '',
123        name: 'AdminDashboard',
124        component: () => import('@/views/admin/Dashboard.vue'),
125        meta: {
126          title: '管理面板',
127          requiresAuth: true,
128          roles: ['admin'],
129          showInMenu: true,
130          icon: '📊'
131        }
132      },
133      {
134        path: 'users',
135        name: 'AdminUsers',
136        component: () => import('@/views/admin/Users.vue'),
137        meta: {
138          title: '用户管理',
139          requiresAuth: true,
140          roles: ['admin'],
141          permissions: ['users.read'],
142          showInMenu: true,
143          icon: '👥'
144        }
145      },
146      {
147        path: 'users/:id',
148        name: 'AdminUserDetail',
149        component: () => import('@/views/admin/UserDetail.vue'),
150        meta: {
151          title: '用户详情',
152          requiresAuth: true,
153          roles: ['admin'],
154          permissions: ['users.read']
155        },
156        props: true
157      },
158      {
159        path: 'settings',
160        name: 'AdminSettings',
161        component: () => import('@/views/admin/Settings.vue'),
162        meta: {
163          title: '系统设置',
164          requiresAuth: true,
165          roles: ['admin'],
166          permissions: ['settings.manage'],
167          showInMenu: true,
168          icon: '🔧'
169        }
170      }
171    ]
172  },
173  
174  // 动态路由示例
175  {
176    path: '/posts/:id(\\d+)',
177    name: 'PostDetail',
178    component: () => import('@/views/posts/PostDetail.vue'),
179    meta: {
180      title: '文章详情'
181    },
182    props: route => ({
183      id: Number(route.params.id),
184      tab: route.query.tab
185    })
186  },
187  
188  // 可选参数路由
189  {
190    path: '/search/:keyword?',
191    name: 'Search',
192    component: () => import('@/views/Search.vue'),
193    meta: {
194      title: '搜索'
195    }
196  },
197  
198  // 通配符路由
199  {
200    path: '/docs/:path(.*)*',
201    name: 'Documentation',
202    component: () => import('@/views/Documentation.vue'),
203    meta: {
204      title: '文档'
205    }
206  },
207  
208  // 重定向
209  {
210    path: '/dashboard',
211    redirect: { name: 'Home' }
212  },
213  
214  // 404页面
215  {
216    path: '/:pathMatch(.*)*',
217    name: 'NotFound',
218    component: () => import('@/views/errors/NotFound.vue'),
219    meta: {
220      title: '页面未找到'
221    }
222  }
223]
224
225// 创建路由实例
226const router = createRouter({
227  history: createWebHistory(import.meta.env.BASE_URL),
228  routes,
229  scrollBehavior(to, from, savedPosition) {
230    // 滚动行为
231    if (savedPosition) {
232      return savedPosition
233    } else if (to.hash) {
234      return { el: to.hash, behavior: 'smooth' }
235    } else {
236      return { top: 0 }
237    }
238  }
239})
240
241// 全局前置守卫
242router.beforeEach(async (to, from, next) => {
243  const userStore = useUserStore()
244  const notificationStore = useNotificationStore()
245  
246  // 设置页面标题
247  if (to.meta.title) {
248    document.title = `${to.meta.title} - My App`
249  }
250  
251  // 检查认证要求
252  if (to.meta.requiresAuth) {
253    if (!userStore.isAuthenticated) {
254      notificationStore.showError('请先登录')
255      next({
256        name: 'Login',
257        query: { redirect: to.fullPath }
258      })
259      return
260    }
261    
262    // 检查角色权限
263    if (to.meta.roles && !userStore.hasAnyRole(to.meta.roles)) {
264      notificationStore.showError('权限不足')
265      next({ name: 'Home' })
266      return
267    }
268    
269    // 检查具体权限
270    if (to.meta.permissions && !userStore.hasAnyPermission(to.meta.permissions)) {
271      notificationStore.showError('权限不足')
272      next({ name: 'Home' })
273      return
274    }
275  }
276  
277  // 已登录用户访问认证页面时重定向
278  if (to.path.startsWith('/auth') && userStore.isAuthenticated) {
279    next({ name: 'Home' })
280    return
281  }
282  
283  next()
284})
285
286// 全局后置钩子
287router.afterEach((to, from) => {
288  // 页面访问统计
289  if (typeof gtag !== 'undefined') {
290    gtag('config', 'GA_MEASUREMENT_ID', {
291      page_title: to.meta.title,
292      page_location: window.location.href
293    })
294  }
295  
296  // 清除加载状态
297  const loadingStore = useLoadingStore()
298  loadingStore.setLoading(false)
299})
300
301// 路由错误处理
302router.onError((error) => {
303  console.error('Router error:', error)
304  const notificationStore = useNotificationStore()
305  notificationStore.showError('页面加载失败')
306})
307
308export default router
309
310// 路由工具函数
311export const routeUtils = {
312  // 检查当前路由是否匹配
313  isCurrentRoute(routeName: string): boolean {
314    return router.currentRoute.value.name === routeName
315  },
316  
317  // 检查是否为子路由
318  isChildRoute(parentName: string): boolean {
319    const current = router.currentRoute.value
320    return current.matched.some(route => route.name === parentName)
321  },
322  
323  // 获取面包屑导航
324  getBreadcrumbs() {
325    const route = router.currentRoute.value
326    return route.matched
327      .filter(record => record.meta?.title)
328      .map(record => ({
329        title: record.meta.title,
330        name: record.name,
331        path: record.path
332      }))
333  },
334  
335  // 生成菜单项
336  generateMenuItems() {
337    const userStore = useUserStore()
338    
339    const filterRoutes = (routes: RouteRecordRaw[]): any[] => {
340      return routes
341        .filter(route => {
342          // 检查是否显示在菜单中
343          if (!route.meta?.showInMenu) return false
344          
345          // 检查权限
346          if (route.meta.requiresAuth && !userStore.isAuthenticated) return false
347          if (route.meta.roles && !userStore.hasAnyRole(route.meta.roles)) return false
348          if (route.meta.permissions && !userStore.hasAnyPermission(route.meta.permissions)) return false
349          
350          return true
351        })
352        .map(route => ({
353          name: route.name,
354          title: route.meta?.title,
355          icon: route.meta?.icon,
356          path: route.path,
357          children: route.children ? filterRoutes(route.children) : []
358        }))
359    }
360    
361    return filterRoutes(routes)
362  }
363}

导航组件

导航组件实现

导航组件完整实现

vue

1<!-- 主导航组件: MainNavigation.vue -->
2<template>
3  <nav class="main-navigation">
4    <!-- 顶部导航栏 -->
5    <div class="nav-header">
6      <router-link to="/" class="nav-logo">
7        <img src="/logo.svg" alt="Logo" />
8        <span>My App</span>
9      </router-link>
10      
11      <!-- 面包屑导航 -->
12      <div class="breadcrumb">
13        <router-link
14          v-for="(crumb, index) in breadcrumbs"
15          :key="crumb.name"
16          :to="{ name: crumb.name }"
17          class="breadcrumb-item"
18          :class="{ active: index === breadcrumbs.length - 1 }"
19        >
20          {{ crumb.title }}
21        </router-link>
22      </div>
23      
24      <!-- 用户菜单 -->
25      <div class="nav-user">
26        <UserDropdown />
27      </div>
28    </div>
29    
30    <!-- 侧边导航菜单 -->
31    <div class="nav-sidebar">
32      <div class="nav-menu">
33        <NavMenuItem
34          v-for="item in menuItems"
35          :key="item.name"
36          :item="item"
37          :level="0"
38        />
39      </div>
40    </div>
41  </nav>
42</template>
43
44<script setup lang="ts">
45import { computed } from 'vue'
46import { useRoute } from 'vue-router'
47import { routeUtils } from '@/router'
48import NavMenuItem from './NavMenuItem.vue'
49import UserDropdown from './UserDropdown.vue'
50
51// 当前路由
52const route = useRoute()
53
54// 计算属性
55const breadcrumbs = computed(() => routeUtils.getBreadcrumbs())
56const menuItems = computed(() => routeUtils.generateMenuItems())
57</script>
58
59<!-- 导航菜单项: NavMenuItem.vue -->
60<template>
61  <div class="nav-menu-item" :class="itemClasses">
62    <!-- 有子菜单的项 -->
63    <div
64      v-if="item.children && item.children.length > 0"
65      class="nav-item-header"
66      @click="toggleExpanded"
67    >
68      <div class="nav-item-content">
69        <span class="nav-item-icon">{{ item.icon }}</span>
70        <span class="nav-item-title">{{ item.title }}</span>
71      </div>
72      <span class="nav-item-arrow" :class="{ expanded: isExpanded }">
73        ▼
74      </span>
75    </div>
76    
77    <!-- 无子菜单的项 -->
78    <router-link
79      v-else
80      :to="{ name: item.name }"
81      class="nav-item-link"
82      :class="{ active: isActive }"
83    >
84      <span class="nav-item-icon">{{ item.icon }}</span>
85      <span class="nav-item-title">{{ item.title }}</span>
86    </router-link>
87    
88    <!-- 子菜单 -->
89    <Transition name="submenu">
90      <div v-if="isExpanded && item.children" class="nav-submenu">
91        <NavMenuItem
92          v-for="child in item.children"
93          :key="child.name"
94          :item="child"
95          :level="level + 1"
96        />
97      </div>
98    </Transition>
99  </div>
100</template>
101
102<script setup lang="ts">
103import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
104import { useRoute } from 'vue-router'
105import { routeUtils } from '@/router'
106
107// Props
108interface MenuItem {
109  name: string
110  title: string
111  icon?: string
112  path: string
113  children?: MenuItem[]
114}
115
116interface Props {
117  item: MenuItem
118  level: number
119}
120
121const props = defineProps<Props>()
122
123// 响应式数据
124const isExpanded = ref(false)
125const route = useRoute()
126
127// 计算属性
128const isActive = computed(() => {
129  return routeUtils.isCurrentRoute(props.item.name) ||
130         routeUtils.isChildRoute(props.item.name)
131})
132
133const itemClasses = computed(() => [
134  `nav-item-level-${props.level}`,
135  {
136    'nav-item-active': isActive.value,
137    'nav-item-expanded': isExpanded.value,
138    'nav-item-has-children': props.item.children && props.item.children.length > 0
139  }
140])
141
142// 方法
143const toggleExpanded = () => {
144  isExpanded.value = !isExpanded.value
145}
146
147// 监听路由变化，自动展开激活的菜单
148watch(route, () => {
149  if (isActive.value && props.item.children) {
150    isExpanded.value = true
151  }
152}, { immediate: true })
153</script>
154
155<!-- 用户下拉菜单: UserDropdown.vue -->
156<template>
157  <div class="user-dropdown" ref="dropdownRef">
158    <button
159      @click="toggleDropdown"
160      class="user-trigger"
161      :class="{ active: isOpen }"
162    >
163      <img
164        :src="user?.avatar || '/default-avatar.png'"
165        :alt="user?.name"
166        class="user-avatar"
167      />
168      <span class="user-name">{{ user?.name }}</span>
169      <span class="dropdown-arrow">▼</span>
170    </button>
171    
172    <Transition name="dropdown">
173      <div v-if="isOpen" class="dropdown-menu">
174        <div class="dropdown-header">
175          <div class="user-info">
176            <img
177              :src="user?.avatar || '/default-avatar.png'"
178              :alt="user?.name"
179              class="user-avatar-large"
180            />
181            <div class="user-details">
182              <div class="user-name">{{ user?.name }}</div>
183              <div class="user-email">{{ user?.email }}</div>
184            </div>
185          </div>
186        </div>
187        
188        <div class="dropdown-body">
189          <router-link
190            to="/user/profile"
191            class="dropdown-item"
192            @click="closeDropdown"
193          >
194            <span class="item-icon">👤</span>
195            <span class="item-text">个人资料</span>
196          </router-link>
197          
198          <router-link
199            to="/user/settings"
200            class="dropdown-item"
201            @click="closeDropdown"
202          >
203            <span class="item-icon">⚙️</span>
204            <span class="item-text">设置</span>
205          </router-link>
206          
207          <router-link
208            to="/user/notifications"
209            class="dropdown-item"
210            @click="closeDropdown"
211          >
212            <span class="item-icon">🔔</span>
213            <span class="item-text">通知</span>
214            <span v-if="unreadCount > 0" class="notification-badge">
215              {{ unreadCount }}
216            </span>
217          </router-link>
218          
219          <div class="dropdown-divider"></div>
220          
221          <button
222            @click="handleLogout"
223            class="dropdown-item dropdown-item-danger"
224          >
225            <span class="item-icon">🚪</span>
226            <span class="item-text">退出登录</span>
227          </button>
228        </div>
229      </div>
230    </Transition>
231  </div>
232</template>
233
234<script setup lang="ts">
235import { ref, computed, onMounted, onUnmounted } from 'vue'
236import { useRouter } from 'vue-router'
237import { useUserStore } from '@/stores/user'
238import { useNotificationStore } from '@/stores/notification'
239
240// 响应式数据
241const isOpen = ref(false)
242const dropdownRef = ref<HTMLElement>()
243
244// Store
245const userStore = useUserStore()
246const notificationStore = useNotificationStore()
247const router = useRouter()
248
249// 计算属性
250const user = computed(() => userStore.currentUser)
251const unreadCount = computed(() => notificationStore.unreadCount)
252
253// 方法
254const toggleDropdown = () => {
255  isOpen.value = !isOpen.value
256}
257
258const closeDropdown = () => {
259  isOpen.value = false
260}
261
262const handleLogout = async () => {
263  try {
264    await userStore.logout()
265    router.push('/auth/login')
266    notificationStore.showSuccess('已成功退出登录')
267  } catch (error) {
268    notificationStore.showError('退出登录失败')
269  } finally {
270    closeDropdown()
271  }
272}
273
274// 点击外部关闭下拉菜单
275const handleClickOutside = (event: MouseEvent) => {
276  if (dropdownRef.value && !dropdownRef.value.contains(event.target as Node)) {
277    closeDropdown()
278  }
279}
280
281onMounted(() => {
282  document.addEventListener('click', handleClickOutside)
283})
284
285onUnmounted(() => {
286  document.removeEventListener('click', handleClickOutside)
287})
288</script>
289
290<style scoped>
291/* 导航样式 */
292.main-navigation {
293  display: flex;
294  flex-direction: column;
295  height: 100vh;
296  background: #fff;
297  border-right: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
298}
299
300.nav-header {
301  display: flex;
302  align-items: center;
303  justify-content: space-between;
304  padding: 16px 20px;
305  border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
306}
307
308.nav-logo {
309  display: flex;
310  align-items: center;
311  gap: 8px;
312  text-decoration: none;
313  color: #333;
314  font-weight: 600;
315}
316
317.nav-logo img {
318  width: 32px;
319  height: 32px;
320}
321
322.breadcrumb {
323  display: flex;
324  align-items: center;
325  gap: 8px;
326}
327
328.breadcrumb-item {
329  color: #666;
330  text-decoration: none;
331  font-size: 14px;
332}
333
334.breadcrumb-item:not(:last-child)::after {
335  content: '/';
336  margin-left: 8px;
337  color: #ccc;
338}
339
340.breadcrumb-item.active {
341  color: #333;
342  font-weight: 500;
343}
344
345.nav-sidebar {
346  flex: 1;
347  overflow-y: auto;
348}
349
350.nav-menu {
351  padding: 16px 0;
352}
353
354.nav-menu-item {
355  margin-bottom: 4px;
356}
357
358.nav-item-header,
359.nav-item-link {
360  display: flex;
361  align-items: center;
362  justify-content: space-between;
363  padding: 12px 20px;
364  color: #666;
365  text-decoration: none;
366  transition: all 0.2s;
367  cursor: pointer;
368}
369
370.nav-item-link:hover,
371.nav-item-header:hover {
372  background: #f5f5f5;
373  color: #333;
374}
375
376.nav-item-link.active {
377  background: #e3f2fd;
378  color: #1976d2;
379  border-right: 3px solid #1976d2;
380}
381
382.nav-item-content {
383  display: flex;
384  align-items: center;
385  gap: 12px;
386}
387
388.nav-item-icon {
389  font-size: 16px;
390  width: 20px;
391  text-align: center;
392}
393
394.nav-item-title {
395  font-size: 14px;
396}
397
398.nav-item-arrow {
399  font-size: 12px;
400  transition: transform 0.2s;
401}
402
403.nav-item-arrow.expanded {
404  transform: rotate(180deg);
405}
406
407.nav-submenu {
408  background: #f9f9f9;
409}
410
411.nav-item-level-1 .nav-item-link,
412.nav-item-level-1 .nav-item-header {
413  padding-left: 52px;
414}
415
416/* 下拉菜单样式 */
417.user-dropdown {
418  position: relative;
419}
420
421.user-trigger {
422  display: flex;
423  align-items: center;
424  gap: 8px;
425  padding: 8px 12px;
426  background: none;
427  border: none;
428  border-radius: 6px;
429  cursor: pointer;
430  transition: background-color 0.2s;
431}
432
433.user-trigger:hover,
434.user-trigger.active {
435  background: #f5f5f5;
436}
437
438.user-avatar {
439  width: 32px;
440  height: 32px;
441  border-radius: 50%;
442  object-fit: cover;
443}
444
445.user-name {
446  font-size: 14px;
447  color: #333;
448}
449
450.dropdown-arrow {
451  font-size: 12px;
452  color: #666;
453  transition: transform 0.2s;
454}
455
456.user-trigger.active .dropdown-arrow {
457  transform: rotate(180deg);
458}
459
460.dropdown-menu {
461  position: absolute;
462  top: 100%;
463  right: 0;
464  width: 280px;
465  background: #fff;
466  border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
467  border-radius: 8px;
468  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
469  z-index: 1000;
470}
471
472.dropdown-header {
473  padding: 16px;
474  border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
475}
476
477.user-info {
478  display: flex;
479  align-items: center;
480  gap: 12px;
481}
482
483.user-avatar-large {
484  width: 48px;
485  height: 48px;
486  border-radius: 50%;
487  object-fit: cover;
488}
489
490.user-details .user-name {
491  font-weight: 500;
492  color: #333;
493  margin-bottom: 4px;
494}
495
496.user-details .user-email {
497  font-size: 12px;
498  color: #666;
499}
500
501.dropdown-body {
502  padding: 8px 0;
503}
504
505.dropdown-item {
506  display: flex;
507  align-items: center;
508  gap: 12px;
509  padding: 12px 16px;
510  color: #333;
511  text-decoration: none;
512  transition: background-color 0.2s;
513  border: none;
514  background: none;
515  width: 100%;
516  cursor: pointer;
517}
518
519.dropdown-item:hover {
520  background: #f5f5f5;
521}
522
523.dropdown-item-danger {
524  color: #d32f2f;
525}
526
527.dropdown-item-danger:hover {
528  background: #ffebee;
529}
530
531.item-icon {
532  font-size: 16px;
533  width: 20px;
534  text-align: center;
535}
536
537.item-text {
538  flex: 1;
539  font-size: 14px;
540}
541
542.notification-badge {
543  background: #f44336;
544  color: white;
545  font-size: 12px;
546  padding: 2px 6px;
547  border-radius: 10px;
548  min-width: 18px;
549  text-align: center;
550}
551
552.dropdown-divider {
553  height: 1px;
554  background: #e0e0e0;
555  margin: 8px 0;
556}
557
558/* 动画 */
559.submenu-enter-active,
560.submenu-leave-active {
561  transition: all 0.3s ease;
562  overflow: hidden;
563}
564
565.submenu-enter-from,
566.submenu-leave-to {
567  max-height: 0;
568  opacity: 0;
569}
570
571.submenu-enter-to,
572.submenu-leave-from {
573  max-height: 200px;
574  opacity: 1;
575}
576
577.dropdown-enter-active,
578.dropdown-leave-active {
579  transition: all 0.2s ease;
580}
581
582.dropdown-enter-from,
583.dropdown-leave-to {
584  opacity: 0;
585  transform: translateY(-8px);
586}
587</style>

Pinia状态管理

Pinia状态管理实践

Pinia状态管理完整实现

typescript

1// stores/user.ts
2import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
3import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
4import { useRouter } from 'vue-router'
5import { useNotificationStore } from './notification'
6
7// 用户类型定义
8interface User {
9  id: number
10  name: string
11  email: string
12  avatar?: string
13  role: 'admin' | 'user' | 'guest'
14  permissions: string[]
15  preferences: {
16    theme: 'light' | 'dark' | 'auto'
17    language: string
18    notifications: boolean
19  }
20  createdAt: string
21  lastLoginAt: string
22}
23
24interface LoginCredentials {
25  email: string
26  password: string
27  remember?: boolean
28}
29
30interface RegisterData {
31  name: string
32  email: string
33  password: string
34  confirmPassword: string
35}
36
37// 用户Store
38export const useUserStore = defineStore('user', () => {
39  // 状态
40  const user = ref<User | null>(null)
41  const loading = ref(false)
42  const error = ref<string | null>(null)
43  const token = ref<string | null>(localStorage.getItem('token'))
44  
45  // 计算属性
46  const isAuthenticated = computed(() => !!user.value && !!token.value)
47  const isAdmin = computed(() => user.value?.role === 'admin')
48  const userName = computed(() => user.value?.name || '')
49  const userAvatar = computed(() => user.value?.avatar || '/default-avatar.png')
50  
51  // 权限相关计算属性
52  const userPermissions = computed(() => user.value?.permissions || [])
53  const userRole = computed(() => user.value?.role || 'guest')
54  
55  // Actions
56  const login = async (credentials: LoginCredentials) => {
57    try {
58      loading.value = true
59      error.value = null
60      
61      const response = await fetch('/api/auth/login', {
62        method: 'POST',
63        headers: {
64          'Content-Type': 'application/json'
65        },
66        body: JSON.stringify(credentials)
67      })
68      
69      if (!response.ok) {
70        const errorData = await response.json()
71        throw new Error(errorData.message || '登录失败')
72      }
73      
74      const { user: userData, token: authToken } = await response.json()
75      
76      // 保存用户信息和token
77      user.value = userData
78      token.value = authToken
79      
80      // 根据remember选项决定存储方式
81      if (credentials.remember) {
82        localStorage.setItem('token', authToken)
83        localStorage.setItem('user', JSON.stringify(userData))
84      } else {
85        sessionStorage.setItem('token', authToken)
86        sessionStorage.setItem('user', JSON.stringify(userData))
87      }
88      
89      // 设置axios默认header
90      setAuthHeader(authToken)
91      
92      return userData
93    } catch (err) {
94      error.value = err instanceof Error ? err.message : '登录失败'
95      throw err
96    } finally {
97      loading.value = false
98    }
99  }
100  
101  const register = async (data: RegisterData) => {
102    try {
103      loading.value = true
104      error.value = null
105      
106      const response = await fetch('/api/auth/register', {
107        method: 'POST',
108        headers: {
109          'Content-Type': 'application/json'
110        },
111        body: JSON.stringify(data)
112      })
113      
114      if (!response.ok) {
115        const errorData = await response.json()
116        throw new Error(errorData.message || '注册失败')
117      }
118      
119      const { user: userData, token: authToken } = await response.json()
120      
121      user.value = userData
122      token.value = authToken
123      
124      localStorage.setItem('token', authToken)
125      localStorage.setItem('user', JSON.stringify(userData))
126      
127      setAuthHeader(authToken)
128      
129      return userData
130    } catch (err) {
131      error.value = err instanceof Error ? err.message : '注册失败'
132      throw err
133    } finally {
134      loading.value = false
135    }
136  }
137  
138  const logout = async () => {
139    try {
140      // 调用后端登出接口
141      if (token.value) {
142        await fetch('/api/auth/logout', {
143          method: 'POST',
144          headers: {
145            'Authorization': `Bearer ${token.value}`
146          }
147        })
148      }
149    } catch (err) {
150      console.error('Logout API error:', err)
151    } finally {
152      // 清除本地状态
153      user.value = null
154      token.value = null
155      error.value = null
156      
157      // 清除存储
158      localStorage.removeItem('token')
159      localStorage.removeItem('user')
160      sessionStorage.removeItem('token')
161      sessionStorage.removeItem('user')
162      
163      // 清除axios header
164      setAuthHeader(null)
165    }
166  }
167  
168  const updateProfile = async (updates: Partial<User>) => {
169    if (!user.value) throw new Error('用户未登录')
170    
171    try {
172      loading.value = true
173      
174      const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${user.value.id}`, {
175        method: 'PATCH',
176        headers: {
177          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
178          'Authorization': `Bearer ${token.value}`
179        },
180        body: JSON.stringify(updates)
181      })
182      
183      if (!response.ok) {
184        throw new Error('更新失败')
185      }
186      
187      const updatedUser = await response.json()
188      user.value = updatedUser
189      
190      // 更新本地存储
191      const storage = localStorage.getItem('token') ? localStorage : sessionStorage
192      storage.setItem('user', JSON.stringify(updatedUser))
193      
194      return updatedUser
195    } catch (err) {
196      error.value = err instanceof Error ? err.message : '更新失败'
197      throw err
198    } finally {
199      loading.value = false
200    }
201  }
202  
203  const changePassword = async (oldPassword: string, newPassword: string) => {
204    try {
205      loading.value = true
206      
207      const response = await fetch('/api/auth/change-password', {
208        method: 'POST',
209        headers: {
210          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
211          'Authorization': `Bearer ${token.value}`
212        },
213        body: JSON.stringify({ oldPassword, newPassword })
214      })
215      
216      if (!response.ok) {
217        const errorData = await response.json()
218        throw new Error(errorData.message || '密码修改失败')
219      }
220      
221      return true
222    } catch (err) {
223      error.value = err instanceof Error ? err.message : '密码修改失败'
224      throw err
225    } finally {
226      loading.value = false
227    }
228  }
229  
230  const refreshToken = async () => {
231    try {
232      const response = await fetch('/api/auth/refresh', {
233        method: 'POST',
234        headers: {
235          'Authorization': `Bearer ${token.value}`
236        }
237      })
238      
239      if (!response.ok) {
240        throw new Error('Token刷新失败')
241      }
242      
243      const { token: newToken } = await response.json()
244      token.value = newToken
245      
246      const storage = localStorage.getItem('token') ? localStorage : sessionStorage
247      storage.setItem('token', newToken)
248      
249      setAuthHeader(newToken)
250      
251      return newToken
252    } catch (err) {
253      // Token刷新失败，执行登出
254      await logout()
255      throw err
256    }
257  }
258  
259  const checkAuthStatus = async () => {
260    const storedToken = localStorage.getItem('token') || sessionStorage.getItem('token')
261    const storedUser = localStorage.getItem('user') || sessionStorage.getItem('user')
262    
263    if (storedToken && storedUser) {
264      try {
265        token.value = storedToken
266        user.value = JSON.parse(storedUser)
267        setAuthHeader(storedToken)
268        
269        // 验证token有效性
270        const response = await fetch('/api/auth/me', {
271          headers: {
272            'Authorization': `Bearer ${storedToken}`
273          }
274        })
275        
276        if (response.ok) {
277          const userData = await response.json()
278          user.value = userData
279          
280          // 更新存储的用户信息
281          const storage = localStorage.getItem('token') ? localStorage : sessionStorage
282          storage.setItem('user', JSON.stringify(userData))
283        } else {
284          // Token无效，清除状态
285          await logout()
286        }
287      } catch (err) {
288        console.error('Auth check failed:', err)
289        await logout()
290      }
291    }
292  }
293  
294  // 权限检查方法
295  const hasPermission = (permission: string): boolean => {
296    return userPermissions.value.includes(permission)
297  }
298  
299  const hasAnyPermission = (permissions: string[]): boolean => {
300    return permissions.some(permission => hasPermission(permission))
301  }
302  
303  const hasAllPermissions = (permissions: string[]): boolean => {
304    return permissions.every(permission => hasPermission(permission))
305  }
306  
307  const hasRole = (role: string): boolean => {
308    return userRole.value === role
309  }
310  
311  const hasAnyRole = (roles: string[]): boolean => {
312    return roles.includes(userRole.value)
313  }
314  
315  // 工具方法
316  const setAuthHeader = (authToken: string | null) => {
317    if (authToken) {
318      // 设置axios默认header（如果使用axios）
319      // axios.defaults.headers.common['Authorization'] = `Bearer ${authToken}`
320    } else {
321      // 清除axios默认header
322      // delete axios.defaults.headers.common['Authorization']
323    }
324  }
325  
326  const clearError = () => {
327    error.value = null
328  }
329  
330  // 返回store接口
331  return {
332    // 状态
333    user: readonly(user),
334    loading: readonly(loading),
335    error: readonly(error),
336    token: readonly(token),
337    
338    // 计算属性
339    isAuthenticated,
340    isAdmin,
341    userName,
342    userAvatar,
343    userPermissions,
344    userRole,
345    
346    // Actions
347    login,
348    register,
349    logout,
350    updateProfile,
351    changePassword,
352    refreshToken,
353    checkAuthStatus,
354    
355    // 权限方法
356    hasPermission,
357    hasAnyPermission,
358    hasAllPermissions,
359    hasRole,
360    hasAnyRole,
361    
362    // 工具方法
363    clearError
364  }
365})
366
367// stores/notification.ts
368export const useNotificationStore = defineStore('notification', () => {
369  // 通知类型
370  type NotificationType = 'success' | 'error' | 'warning' | 'info'
371  
372  interface Notification {
373    id: string
374    type: NotificationType
375    title: string
376    message?: string
377    duration?: number
378    persistent?: boolean
379    actions?: Array<{
380      label: string
381      action: () => void
382    }>
383  }
384  
385  // 状态
386  const notifications = ref<Notification[]>([])
387  const unreadCount = ref(0)
388  
389  // Actions
390  const addNotification = (notification: Omit<Notification, 'id'>) => {
391    const id = Date.now().toString() + Math.random().toString(36).substr(2, 9)
392    const newNotification: Notification = {
393      id,
394      duration: 5000,
395      persistent: false,
396      ...notification
397    }
398    
399    notifications.value.push(newNotification)
400    
401    // 自动移除非持久化通知
402    if (!newNotification.persistent && newNotification.duration && newNotification.duration > 0) {
403      setTimeout(() => {
404        removeNotification(id)
405      }, newNotification.duration)
406    }
407    
408    return id
409  }
410  
411  const removeNotification = (id: string) => {
412    const index = notifications.value.findIndex(n => n.id === id)
413    if (index > -1) {
414      notifications.value.splice(index, 1)
415    }
416  }
417  
418  const clearAllNotifications = () => {
419    notifications.value = []
420  }
421  
422  // 便捷方法
423  const showSuccess = (title: string, message?: string, options?: Partial<Notification>) => {
424    return addNotification({ type: 'success', title, message, ...options })
425  }
426  
427  const showError = (title: string, message?: string, options?: Partial<Notification>) => {
428    return addNotification({ type: 'error', title, message, ...options })
429  }
430  
431  const showWarning = (title: string, message?: string, options?: Partial<Notification>) => {
432    return addNotification({ type: 'warning', title, message, ...options })
433  }
434  
435  const showInfo = (title: string, message?: string, options?: Partial<Notification>) => {
436    return addNotification({ type: 'info', title, message, ...options })
437  }
438  
439  return {
440    notifications: readonly(notifications),
441    unreadCount: readonly(unreadCount),
442    addNotification,
443    removeNotification,
444    clearAllNotifications,
445    showSuccess,
446    showError,
447    showWarning,
448    showInfo
449  }
450})
451
452// stores/app.ts - 应用全局状态
453export const useAppStore = defineStore('app', () => {
454  // 状态
455  const loading = ref(false)
456  const sidebarCollapsed = ref(false)
457  const theme = ref<'light' | 'dark' | 'auto'>('light')
458  const language = ref('zh-CN')
459  
460  // 计算属性
461  const isDarkMode = computed(() => {
462    if (theme.value === 'auto') {
463      return window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches
464    }
465    return theme.value === 'dark'
466  })
467  
468  // Actions
469  const setLoading = (value: boolean) => {
470    loading.value = value
471  }
472  
473  const toggleSidebar = () => {
474    sidebarCollapsed.value = !sidebarCollapsed.value
475  }
476  
477  const setTheme = (newTheme: 'light' | 'dark' | 'auto') => {
478    theme.value = newTheme
479    localStorage.setItem('theme', newTheme)
480    
481    // 应用主题到DOM
482    document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', newTheme)
483  }
484  
485  const setLanguage = (lang: string) => {
486    language.value = lang
487    localStorage.setItem('language', lang)
488  }
489  
490  const initializeApp = () => {
491    // 恢复主题设置
492    const savedTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme') as 'light' | 'dark' | 'auto'
493    if (savedTheme) {
494      setTheme(savedTheme)
495    }
496    
497    // 恢复语言设置
498    const savedLanguage = localStorage.getItem('language')
499    if (savedLanguage) {
500      setLanguage(savedLanguage)
501    }
502    
503    // 监听系统主题变化
504    if (theme.value === 'auto') {
505      const mediaQuery = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)')
506      mediaQuery.addEventListener('change', () => {
507        document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', isDarkMode.value ? 'dark' : 'light')
508      })
509    }
510  }
511  
512  return {
513    loading: readonly(loading),
514    sidebarCollapsed: readonly(sidebarCollapsed),
515    theme: readonly(theme),
516    language: readonly(language),
517    isDarkMode,
518    setLoading,
519    toggleSidebar,
520    setTheme,
521    setLanguage,
522    initializeApp
523  }
524})

4. Vue性能优化与最佳实践

4.1 性能优化策略

Vue 3在性能方面有了显著提升，但仍需要开发者采用正确的优化策略来构建高性能应用。

性能优化检查清单

优化类型	技术方案	适用场景	性能提升	实现难度
组件缓存	KeepAlive	频繁切换的组件	⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐
计算属性	computed()	复杂计算逻辑	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐
虚拟滚动	自定义实现	大列表渲染	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐
异步组件	defineAsyncComponent	代码分割	⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐
响应式优化	shallowRef/shallowReactive	大对象处理	⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐

Vue性能优化原则

1. 测量优先：使用Vue DevTools分析性能瓶颈
2. 渐进优化：从影响最大的优化开始
3. 避免过早优化：在确认性能问题后再优化
4. 用户体验导向：关注用户感知的性能指标
5. 持续监控：建立性能监控和告警机制

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Vue.js作为现代前端开发的重要框架，其组合式API、响应式系统和丰富的生态系统为开发者提供了强大的工具。通过掌握Vue 3的核心特性、组件化开发模式和性能优化技巧，可以构建出高质量、高性能的现代Web应用。

参与讨论