Vue状态管理方案

随着Vue应用规模的增长，组件间的状态共享和管理变得尤为重要。本文将介绍Vue生态系统中的各种状态管理方案，包括Pinia、Vuex以及使用Composition API的状态管理策略。

核心价值

Vue状态管理的价值

• 📊 集中式状态：提供应用的单一状态源
• 🔄 可预测的变更：通过明确的规则修改状态
• 🧩 模块化设计：将复杂状态分解为可管理的模块
• 🔍 开发工具：提供时间旅行、状态快照等调试功能
• ⚡ 性能优化：优化组件更新和渲染

1. Pinia - 新一代状态管理

Pinia是Vue官方推荐的新一代状态管理库，相比Vuex更轻量、更TypeScript友好，并且提供了更好的开发体验。

1.1 Pinia基础设置

首先安装Pinia：

bash

1npm install pinia

在Vue应用中注册Pinia：

src/main.js

js

1import { createApp } from 'vue'
2import { createPinia } from 'pinia'
3import App from './App.vue'
4
5const app = createApp(App)
6const pinia = createPinia()
7
8app.use(pinia)
9app.mount('#app')

1.2 创建Pinia Store

使用defineStore创建一个store：

src/stores/counter.js

js

1import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
2
3// 基于Option API风格的store
4export const useCounterStore = defineStore('counter', {
5  // state
6  state: () => ({
7    count: 0,
8    name: 'Counter',
9    users: []
10  }),
11  
12  // getters
13  getters: {
14    doubleCount: (state) => state.count * 2,
15    // 访问其他getter
16    doubleCountPlusOne() {
17      return this.doubleCount + 1
18    }
19  },
20  
21  // actions
22  actions: {
23    increment() {
24      this.count++
25    },
26    async fetchUsers() {
27      try {
28        const response = await fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users')
29        const data = await response.json()
30        this.users = data
31      } catch (error) {
32        console.error('Failed to fetch users:', error)
33      }
34    }
35  }
36})

使用Composition API风格创建store：

src/stores/user.js

js

1import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
2import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
3
4// 基于组合式API风格的store
5export const useUserStore = defineStore('user', () => {
6  // state
7  const user = ref(null)
8  const isLoggedIn = ref(false)
9  const token = ref(localStorage.getItem('token') || null)
10  const error = ref(null)
11  
12  // getters
13  const userFullName = computed(() => {
14    if (!user.value) return ''
15    return `${user.value.firstName} ${user.value.lastName}`
16  })
17  
18  // actions
19  async function login(credentials) {
20    try {
21      error.value = null
22      // 模拟API调用
23      const response = await fetch('/api/login', {
24        method: 'POST',
25        headers: {
26          'Content-Type': 'application/json'
27        },
28        body: JSON.stringify(credentials)
29      })
30      
31      if (!response.ok) {
32        throw new Error('Login failed')
33      }
34      
35      const data = await response.json()
36      user.value = data.user
37      token.value = data.token
38      isLoggedIn.value = true
39      
40      // 保存token到本地存储
41      localStorage.setItem('token', data.token)
42      
43      return true
44    } catch (e) {
45      error.value = e.message
46      return false
47    }
48  }
49  
50  function logout() {
51    user.value = null
52    token.value = null
53    isLoggedIn.value = false
54    localStorage.removeItem('token')
55  }
56  
57  async function fetchUserProfile() {
58    if (!token.value) return null
59    
60    try {
61      const response = await fetch('/api/profile', {
62        headers: {
63          'Authorization': `Bearer ${token.value}`
64        }
65      })
66      
67      if (!response.ok) {
68        throw new Error('Failed to fetch profile')
69      }
70      
71      user.value = await response.json()
72      isLoggedIn.value = true
73      
74      return user.value
75    } catch (e) {
76      error.value = e.message
77      return null
78    }
79  }
80  
81  return {
82    // state
83    user,
84    isLoggedIn,
85    token,
86    error,
87    // getters
88    userFullName,
89    // actions
90    login,
91    logout,
92    fetchUserProfile
93  }
94})

1.3 在组件中使用Pinia

使用Pinia的组件示例

vue

1<template>
2  <div class="user-profile">
3    <div v-if="userStore.isLoggedIn">
4      <h1>欢迎, {{ userStore.userFullName }}</h1>
5      <button @click="userStore.logout">退出登录</button>
6    </div>
7    <div v-else>
8      <h2>用户登录</h2>
9      <form @submit.prevent="handleLogin">
10        <input v-model="email" type="email" placeholder="邮箱" required />
11        <input v-model="password" type="password" placeholder="密码" required />
12        <p v-if="userStore.error" class="error">{{ userStore.error }}</p>
13        <button type="submit" :disabled="isLoading">
14          {{ isLoading ? '登录中...' : '登录' }}
15        </button>
16      </form>
17    </div>
18    
19    <div class="counter-section">
20      <h3>计数器: {{ counterStore.count }}</h3>
21      <p>双倍值: {{ counterStore.doubleCount }}</p>
22      <button @click="counterStore.increment">增加</button>
23    </div>
24  </div>
25</template>
26
27<script setup>
28import { ref } from 'vue'
29import { useUserStore } from '../stores/user'
30import { useCounterStore } from '../stores/counter'
31
32const userStore = useUserStore()
33const counterStore = useCounterStore()
34
35const email = ref('')
36const password = ref('')
37const isLoading = ref(false)
38
39const handleLogin = async () => {
40  isLoading.value = true
41  try {
42    const success = await userStore.login({
43      email: email.value,
44      password: password.value
45    })
46    
47    if (success) {
48      email.value = ''
49      password.value = ''
50    }
51  } finally {
52    isLoading.value = false
53  }
54}
55</script>

1.4 Pinia高级特性

Store间通信

Store之间可以相互引用和交互：

stores/cart.js

js

1import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
2import { useProductStore } from './product'
3import { useUserStore } from './user'
4
5export const useCartStore = defineStore('cart', {
6  state: () => ({
7    items: [],
8  }),
9  
10  getters: {
11    totalItems: (state) => state.items.length,
12    totalPrice: (state) => {
13      const productStore = useProductStore()
14      return state.items.reduce((total, item) => {
15        const product = productStore.getProductById(item.productId)
16        return total + (product?.price || 0) * item.quantity
17      }, 0)
18    },
19    cartWithProducts: (state) => {
20      const productStore = useProductStore()
21      return state.items.map(item => {
22        const product = productStore.getProductById(item.productId)
23        return { 
24          ...item,
25          product,
26          subtotal: (product?.price || 0) * item.quantity 
27        }
28      })
29    }
30  },
31  
32  actions: {
33    addToCart(productId, quantity = 1) {
34      const existingItem = this.items.find(item => item.productId === productId)
35      
36      if (existingItem) {
37        existingItem.quantity += quantity
38      } else {
39        this.items.push({
40          productId,
41          quantity
42        })
43      }
44      
45      this.saveCart()
46    },
47    
48    removeItem(productId) {
49      const index = this.items.findIndex(item => item.productId === productId)
50      if (index > -1) {
51        this.items.splice(index, 1)
52        this.saveCart()
53      }
54    },
55    
56    updateQuantity(productId, quantity) {
57      const item = this.items.find(item => item.productId === productId)
58      if (item) {
59        item.quantity = quantity
60        this.saveCart()
61      }
62    },
63    
64    async checkout() {
65      const userStore = useUserStore()
66      
67      if (!userStore.isLoggedIn) {
68        throw new Error('请先登录')
69      }
70      
71      try {
72        // 创建订单
73        const orderData = {
74          userId: userStore.user.id,
75          items: this.items,
76          totalAmount: this.totalPrice
77        }
78        
79        // 模拟API调用
80        const response = await fetch('/api/orders', {
81          method: 'POST',
82          headers: {
83            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
84            'Authorization': `Bearer ${userStore.token}`
85          },
86          body: JSON.stringify(orderData)
87        })
88        
89        if (!response.ok) {
90          throw new Error('结算失败')
91        }
92        
93        // 清空购物车
94        this.clearCart()
95        
96        return await response.json()
97      } catch (error) {
98        console.error('结算错误:', error)
99        throw error
100      }
101    },
102    
103    clearCart() {
104      this.items = []
105      this.saveCart()
106    },
107    
108    loadCart() {
109      const savedCart = localStorage.getItem('cart')
110      if (savedCart) {
111        this.items = JSON.parse(savedCart)
112      }
113    },
114    
115    saveCart() {
116      localStorage.setItem('cart', JSON.stringify(this.items))
117    }
118  }
119})

持久化状态

使用Pinia插件实现状态持久化：

src/plugins/piniaPersist.js

js

1import { toRaw } from 'vue'
2
3export function piniaPersistPlugin({ options, store }) {
4  // 从本地存储恢复状态
5  if (options.persist) {
6    const storageKey = `pinia-${store.$id}`
7    const savedState = localStorage.getItem(storageKey)
8    
9    if (savedState) {
10      store.$patch(JSON.parse(savedState))
11    }
12    
13    // 监听状态变化并保存
14    store.$subscribe((mutation, state) => {
15      localStorage.setItem(storageKey, JSON.stringify(toRaw(state)))
16    })
17  }
18}

在应用中使用插件：

src/main.js

js

1import { createApp } from 'vue'
2import { createPinia } from 'pinia'
3import App from './App.vue'
4import { piniaPersistPlugin } from './plugins/piniaPersist'
5
6const app = createApp(App)
7const pinia = createPinia()
8
9// 注册Pinia插件
10pinia.use(piniaPersistPlugin)
11
12app.use(pinia)
13app.mount('#app')

配置Store启用持久化：

src/stores/theme.js

js

1import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
2
3export const useThemeStore = defineStore('theme', {
4  state: () => ({
5    darkMode: false,
6    accentColor: '#3b82f6',
7    fontSize: 'medium'
8  }),
9  
10  actions: {
11    toggleDarkMode() {
12      this.darkMode = !this.darkMode
13      document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark', this.darkMode)
14    },
15    setAccentColor(color) {
16      this.accentColor = color
17      document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--accent-color', color)
18    }
19  },
20  
21  // 启用持久化
22  persist: true
23})

热重载与开发工具

Pinia支持热模块替换(HMR)和Vue开发工具：

src/stores/counter.js

js

1import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
2
3export const useCounterStore = defineStore('counter', {
4  state: () => ({
5    count: 0
6  }),
7  actions: {
8    increment() {
9      this.count++
10    }
11  }
12})
13
14// 启用热重载
15if (import.meta.hot) {
16  import.meta.hot.accept(acceptHMRUpdate(useCounterStore, import.meta.hot))
17}

2. Vuex - 经典状态管理

虽然Pinia是新一代状态管理库，但许多项目仍在使用Vuex。了解Vuex对维护现有项目非常重要。

2.1 Vuex基础设置

安装Vuex：

bash

1# 对于Vue 3项目
2npm install vuex@next

创建Vuex store：

src/store/index.js

js

1import { createStore } from 'vuex'
2
3export default createStore({
4  state() {
5    return {
6      count: 0,
7      todos: [],
8      user: null
9    }
10  },
11  
12  mutations: {
13    INCREMENT(state) {
14      state.count++
15    },
16    SET_TODOS(state, todos) {
17      state.todos = todos
18    },
19    ADD_TODO(state, todo) {
20      state.todos.push(todo)
21    },
22    SET_USER(state, user) {
23      state.user = user
24    }
25  },
26  
27  actions: {
28    increment({ commit }) {
29      commit('INCREMENT')
30    },
31    async fetchTodos({ commit }) {
32      try {
33        const response = await fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos')
34        const todos = await response.json()
35        commit('SET_TODOS', todos)
36        return todos
37      } catch (error) {
38        console.error('Error fetching todos:', error)
39        return []
40      }
41    },
42    async login({ commit }, credentials) {
43      try {
44        const response = await fetch('/api/login', {
45          method: 'POST',
46          headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
47          body: JSON.stringify(credentials)
48        })
49        
50        if (!response.ok) {
51          throw new Error('Login failed')
52        }
53        
54        const data = await response.json()
55        commit('SET_USER', data.user)
56        localStorage.setItem('token', data.token)
57        return true
58      } catch (error) {
59        console.error('Login error:', error)
60        return false
61      }
62    }
63  },
64  
65  getters: {
66    completedTodos(state) {
67      return state.todos.filter(todo => todo.completed)
68    },
69    incompleteTodos(state) {
70      return state.todos.filter(todo => !todo.completed)
71    },
72    todoCount(state) {
73      return state.todos.length
74    },
75    isLoggedIn(state) {
76      return !!state.user
77    }
78  }
79})

在Vue应用中注册Vuex：

src/main.js

js

1import { createApp } from 'vue'
2import App from './App.vue'
3import store from './store'
4
5const app = createApp(App)
6app.use(store)
7app.mount('#app')

2.2 在组件中使用Vuex

选项式API中使用Vuex：

使用选项式API的Vuex示例

vue

1<template>
2  <div class="todo-app">
3    <h1>待办事项 ({{ todoCount }})</h1>
4    
5    <div v-if="isLoading">加载中...</div>
6    <div v-else>
7      <form @submit.prevent="addNewTodo">
8        <input v-model="newTodo" placeholder="添加新待办..." />
9        <button type="submit">添加</button>
10      </form>
11      
12      <ul class="todo-list">
13        <li 
14          v-for="todo in todos" 
15          :key="todo.id"
16          :class="{ completed: todo.completed }"
17        >
18          {{ todo.title }}
19        </li>
20      </ul>
21      
22      <div class="todo-stats">
23        <p>完成: {{ completedTodos.length }}</p>
24        <p>未完成: {{ incompleteTodos.length }}</p>
25      </div>
26    </div>
27  </div>
28</template>
29
30<script>
31import { mapState, mapGetters, mapActions } from 'vuex'
32
33export default {
34  data() {
35    return {
36      isLoading: false,
37      newTodo: ''
38    }
39  },
40  
41  computed: {
42    ...mapState(['todos']),
43    ...mapGetters(['completedTodos', 'incompleteTodos', 'todoCount'])
44  },
45  
46  methods: {
47    ...mapActions(['fetchTodos']),
48    
49    async addNewTodo() {
50      if (!this.newTodo.trim()) return
51      
52      this.$store.commit('ADD_TODO', {
53        id: Date.now(),
54        title: this.newTodo,
55        completed: false
56      })
57      
58      this.newTodo = ''
59    }
60  },
61  
62  async mounted() {
63    this.isLoading = true
64    await this.fetchTodos()
65    this.isLoading = false
66  }
67}
68</script>

组合式API中使用Vuex：

使用组合式API的Vuex示例

vue

1<template>
2  <div class="user-profile">
3    <div v-if="isLoggedIn">
4      <h1>欢迎, {{ user?.name }}</h1>
5      <button @click="handleLogout">退出登录</button>
6    </div>
7    <div v-else>
8      <h2>用户登录</h2>
9      <form @submit.prevent="handleLogin">
10        <input v-model="email" type="email" placeholder="邮箱" required />
11        <input v-model="password" type="password" placeholder="密码" required />
12        <button type="submit" :disabled="isLoading">
13          {{ isLoading ? '登录中...' : '登录' }}
14        </button>
15      </form>
16    </div>
17    
18    <div class="counter-section">
19      <h3>计数器: {{ count }}</h3>
20      <button @click="increment">增加</button>
21    </div>
22  </div>
23</template>
24
25<script setup>
26import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
27import { useStore } from 'vuex'
28
29const store = useStore()
30const email = ref('')
31const password = ref('')
32const isLoading = ref(false)
33
34// 计算属性
35const count = computed(() => store.state.count)
36const user = computed(() => store.state.user)
37const isLoggedIn = computed(() => store.getters.isLoggedIn)
38
39// 方法
40const increment = () => {
41  store.dispatch('increment')
42}
43
44const handleLogin = async () => {
45  if (!email.value || !password.value) return
46  
47  isLoading.value = true
48  try {
49    const success = await store.dispatch('login', {
50      email: email.value,
51      password: password.value
52    })
53    
54    if (success) {
55      email.value = ''
56      password.value = ''
57    }
58  } finally {
59    isLoading.value = false
60  }
61}
62
63const handleLogout = () => {
64  store.commit('SET_USER', null)
65  localStorage.removeItem('token')
66}
67</script>

2.3 Vuex模块化

对于大型应用，Vuex支持将store分割成模块：

src/store/modules/auth.js

js

1export default {
2  namespaced: true,
3  
4  state: () => ({
5    user: null,
6    token: localStorage.getItem('token') || null,
7    error: null
8  }),
9  
10  mutations: {
11    SET_USER(state, user) {
12      state.user = user
13    },
14    SET_TOKEN(state, token) {
15      state.token = token
16      if (token) {
17        localStorage.setItem('token', token)
18      } else {
19        localStorage.removeItem('token')
20      }
21    },
22    SET_ERROR(state, error) {
23      state.error = error
24    }
25  },
26  
27  actions: {
28    async login({ commit }, credentials) {
29      commit('SET_ERROR', null)
30      try {
31        const response = await fetch('/api/login', {
32          method: 'POST',
33          headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
34          body: JSON.stringify(credentials)
35        })
36        
37        if (!response.ok) {
38          throw new Error('Login failed')
39        }
40        
41        const data = await response.json()
42        commit('SET_USER', data.user)
43        commit('SET_TOKEN', data.token)
44        
45        return true
46      } catch (error) {
47        commit('SET_ERROR', error.message)
48        return false
49      }
50    },
51    
52    logout({ commit }) {
53      commit('SET_USER', null)
54      commit('SET_TOKEN', null)
55    },
56    
57    async fetchUserProfile({ commit, state }) {
58      if (!state.token) return null
59      
60      try {
61        const response = await fetch('/api/profile', {
62          headers: {
63            'Authorization': `Bearer ${state.token}`
64          }
65        })
66        
67        if (!response.ok) {
68          throw new Error('Failed to fetch profile')
69        }
70        
71        const user = await response.json()
72        commit('SET_USER', user)
73        
74        return user
75      } catch (error) {
76        commit('SET_ERROR', error.message)
77        return null
78      }
79    }
80  },
81  
82  getters: {
83    isLoggedIn(state) {
84      return !!state.user
85    },
86    userRole(state) {
87      return state.user?.role || 'guest'
88    },
89    hasPermission: (state) => (permission) => {
90      return state.user?.permissions?.includes(permission) || false
91    }
92  }
93}

src/store/modules/products.js

js

1export default {
2  namespaced: true,
3  
4  state: () => ({
5    products: [],
6    loading: false,
7    error: null
8  }),
9  
10  mutations: {
11    SET_PRODUCTS(state, products) {
12      state.products = products
13    },
14    SET_LOADING(state, loading) {
15      state.loading = loading
16    },
17    SET_ERROR(state, error) {
18      state.error = error
19    }
20  },
21  
22  actions: {
23    async fetchProducts({ commit }) {
24      commit('SET_LOADING', true)
25      commit('SET_ERROR', null)
26      
27      try {
28        const response = await fetch('/api/products')
29        if (!response.ok) {
30          throw new Error('Failed to fetch products')
31        }
32        
33        const products = await response.json()
34        commit('SET_PRODUCTS', products)
35        return products
36      } catch (error) {
37        commit('SET_ERROR', error.message)
38        return []
39      } finally {
40        commit('SET_LOADING', false)
41      }
42    },
43    
44    async fetchProductById({ commit, state }, id) {
45      // 如果已经在本地存储，直接返回
46      const existingProduct = state.products.find(p => p.id === id)
47      if (existingProduct) return existingProduct
48      
49      // 否则从API获取
50      commit('SET_LOADING', true)
51      commit('SET_ERROR', null)
52      
53      try {
54        const response = await fetch(`/api/products/${id}`)
55        if (!response.ok) {
56          throw new Error(`Failed to fetch product ${id}`)
57        }
58        
59        const product = await response.json()
60        // 添加到本地产品列表
61        commit('SET_PRODUCTS', [...state.products, product])
62        return product
63      } catch (error) {
64        commit('SET_ERROR', error.message)
65        return null
66      } finally {
67        commit('SET_LOADING', false)
68      }
69    }
70  },
71  
72  getters: {
73    featuredProducts(state) {
74      return state.products.filter(p => p.featured)
75    },
76    productById: (state) => (id) => {
77      return state.products.find(p => p.id === id)
78    }
79  }
80}

组合模块到主store：

src/store/index.js

js

1import { createStore } from 'vuex'
2import auth from './modules/auth'
3import products from './modules/products'
4import cart from './modules/cart'
5
6export default createStore({
7  modules: {
8    auth,
9    products,
10    cart
11  }
12})

在组件中使用模块化store：

vue

1<template>
2  <div>
3    <!-- 商品列表 -->
4    <div v-if="loading">加载中...</div>
5    <div v-else-if="error">{{ error }}</div>
6    <div v-else class="product-grid">
7      <div 
8        v-for="product in products" 
9        :key="product.id"
10        class="product-card"
11      >
12        <h3>{{ product.name }}</h3>
13        <p>{{ product.price | currency }}</p>
14        <button @click="addToCart(product.id)">加入购物车</button>
15      </div>
16    </div>
17  </div>
18</template>
19
20<script setup>
21import { computed, onMounted } from 'vue'
22import { useStore } from 'vuex'
23
24const store = useStore()
25
26// 映射模块状态
27const products = computed(() => store.state.products.products)
28const loading = computed(() => store.state.products.loading)
29const error = computed(() => store.state.products.error)
30
31// 方法
32const fetchProducts = () => store.dispatch('products/fetchProducts')
33const addToCart = (productId) => store.dispatch('cart/addToCart', productId)
34
35onMounted(fetchProducts)
36</script>

3. Composition API状态管理

对于中小型应用，可以使用Vue 3的Composition API创建自定义状态管理方案，无需引入额外库。

3.1 简单状态管理

使用provide/inject和reactive创建简单状态管理：

src/composables/useThemeState.js

js

1import { reactive, provide, inject } from 'vue'
2
3// 创建一个唯一的key
4const ThemeStateSymbol = Symbol('ThemeState')
5
6export function provideThemeState() {
7  // 创建响应式状态
8  const state = reactive({
9    darkMode: false,
10    fontSize: 'medium',
11    colorScheme: 'blue'
12  })
13  
14  // 主题切换函数
15  function toggleDarkMode() {
16    state.darkMode = !state.darkMode
17    document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark', state.darkMode)
18  }
19  
20  // 设置字体大小
21  function setFontSize(size) {
22    state.fontSize = size
23    document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-font-size', size)
24  }
25  
26  // 设置颜色主题
27  function setColorScheme(scheme) {
28    state.colorScheme = scheme
29    document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-color-scheme', scheme)
30  }
31  
32  // 提供状态和方法
33  provide(ThemeStateSymbol, {
34    state,
35    toggleDarkMode,
36    setFontSize,
37    setColorScheme
38  })
39}
40
41export function useThemeState() {
42  // 注入状态和方法
43  const theme = inject(ThemeStateSymbol)
44  
45  if (!theme) {
46    throw new Error('useThemeState() must be used within a component that calls provideThemeState()')
47  }
48  
49  return theme
50}

在应用中使用：

src/App.vue

vue

1<template>
2  <div :class="{ 'dark-theme': state.darkMode }">
3    <header>
4      <button @click="toggleDarkMode">
5        {{ state.darkMode ? '切换到亮色模式' : '切换到暗色模式' }}
6      </button>
7      
8      <div class="font-size-controls">
9        <button @click="setFontSize('small')">小</button>
10        <button @click="setFontSize('medium')">中</button>
11        <button @click="setFontSize('large')">大</button>
12      </div>
13    </header>
14    
15    <router-view />
16  </div>
17</template>
18
19<script setup>
20import { provideThemeState, useThemeState } from './composables/useThemeState'
21
22// 提供主题状态
23provideThemeState()
24
25// 使用主题状态
26const { state, toggleDarkMode, setFontSize } = useThemeState()
27</script>

3.2 完整状态管理

创建一个具有类似Vuex/Pinia特性的状态管理解决方案：

src/composables/createStore.js

js

1import { reactive, readonly, provide, inject, computed, watch } from 'vue'
2
3export function createStore(options) {
4  // 创建唯一symbol
5  const storeSymbol = Symbol('store')
6  
7  function useCreateStore() {
8    // 状态初始化
9    const state = reactive(typeof options.state === 'function' ? options.state() : options.state || {})
10    
11    // 处理getters
12    const getters = {}
13    if (options.getters) {
14      Object.keys(options.getters).forEach(getterName => {
15        getters[getterName] = computed(() => options.getters[getterName](state, getters))
16      })
17    }
18    
19    // 处理actions
20    const actions = {}
21    if (options.actions) {
22      Object.keys(options.actions).forEach(actionName => {
23        actions[actionName] = (...args) => options.actions[actionName]({ state, getters, actions }, ...args)
24      })
25    }
26    
27    // 持久化支持
28    if (options.persist?.enabled) {
29      const storageKey = options.persist.key || storeSymbol.toString()
30      const storage = options.persist.storage || localStorage
31      
32      // 从存储中恢复状态
33      const savedState = storage.getItem(storageKey)
34      if (savedState) {
35        const parsed = JSON.parse(savedState)
36        Object.assign(state, parsed)
37      }
38      
39      // 保存状态到存储
40      watch(
41        () => JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(state)),
42        (newState) => {
43          storage.setItem(storageKey, JSON.stringify(newState))
44        },
45        { deep: true }
46      )
47    }
48    
49    return {
50      state: readonly(state),
51      getters: readonly(getters),
52      actions,
53      // 内部使用，用于重置状态
54      _reset: () => Object.assign(state, typeof options.state === 'function' ? options.state() : options.state || {})
55    }
56  }
57  
58  const store = useCreateStore()
59  
60  // 提供store
61  function provideStore() {
62    provide(storeSymbol, store)
63    return store
64  }
65  
66  // 注入store
67  function useStore() {
68    const injectedStore = inject(storeSymbol, null)
69    if (!injectedStore) {
70      throw new Error('Store not provided. Make sure to call provideStore() in a parent component.')
71    }
72    return injectedStore
73  }
74  
75  return {
76    provideStore,
77    useStore
78  }
79}

使用自定义store：

src/stores/userStore.js

js

1import { createStore } from '../composables/createStore'
2
3export const { provideStore: provideUserStore, useStore: useUserStore } = createStore({
4  state: () => ({
5    user: null,
6    token: localStorage.getItem('token') || null,
7    isLoading: false,
8    error: null
9  }),
10  
11  getters: {
12    isLoggedIn: (state) => !!state.token && !!state.user,
13    username: (state) => state.user?.name || 'Guest',
14    userRole: (state) => state.user?.role || 'guest'
15  },
16  
17  actions: {
18    async login({ state }, credentials) {
19      state.isLoading = true
20      state.error = null
21      
22      try {
23        const response = await fetch('/api/login', {
24          method: 'POST',
25          headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
26          body: JSON.stringify(credentials)
27        })
28        
29        if (!response.ok) {
30          throw new Error('Login failed')
31        }
32        
33        const data = await response.json()
34        state.user = data.user
35        state.token = data.token
36        localStorage.setItem('token', data.token)
37        
38        return true
39      } catch (error) {
40        state.error = error.message
41        return false
42      } finally {
43        state.isLoading = false
44      }
45    },
46    
47    logout({ state }) {
48      state.user = null
49      state.token = null
50      localStorage.removeItem('token')
51    }
52  },
53  
54  persist: {
55    enabled: true,
56    key: 'user-store',
57    storage: localStorage
58  }
59})

在应用中使用：

src/App.vue

vue

1<template>
2  <div class="app">
3    <header>
4      <nav>
5        <span v-if="isLoggedIn">欢迎, {{ username }}</span>
6        <button v-if="isLoggedIn" @click="actions.logout">退出登录</button>
7        <router-link v-else to="/login">登录</router-link>
8      </nav>
9    </header>
10    
11    <router-view />
12  </div>
13</template>
14
15<script setup>
16import { provideUserStore, useUserStore } from './stores/userStore'
17
18// 提供用户store
19provideUserStore()
20
21// 使用用户store
22const { state, getters, actions } = useUserStore()
23const { isLoggedIn, username } = getters
24</script>

4. 状态管理最佳实践

4.1 何时使用状态管理

状态管理不是必须的，应根据应用复杂度决定：

1. 小型应用: 使用props、emits和简单的provide/inject
2. 中型应用: 使用Composition API状态管理或轻量级Pinia
3. 大型应用: 使用Pinia或Vuex进行模块化状态管理

4.2 状态组织原则

1. 单一职责: 每个store只管理一个领域的状态
2. 最小化状态: 只存储必要的状态，避免冗余数据
3. 规范命名: 使用一致的命名约定
4. 避免重复: 避免在多个store中存储相同数据
5. 层次结构: 复杂状态采用合理的层次结构

4.3 性能优化

1. 避免过度订阅: 仅订阅需要的状态
2. 使用计算属性: 缓存派生状态
3. 懒加载模块: 按需加载状态模块
4. 精细化更新: 避免整体状态对象替换
5. 防抖/节流: 频繁变化的状态使用防抖/节流

4.4 调试技巧

1. 使用Vue开发工具: Vue Devtools可检查Pinia/Vuex状态
2. 时间旅行调试: 使用开发工具的时间旅行功能
3. 日志插件: 添加日志插件记录状态变化
4. 状态快照: 在关键点保存状态快照
5. 中间件: 使用中间件拦截状态操作

参与讨论